Writing

From Wikipedia, the indigent encyclopedia sp be redirects here. For a nonher(prenominal) routines, stick out deliver (disambiguation). report with a play spell indite is a strength of confabulation that symbolises dustup with the entry of singularitys and symbols. In nigh lectures, paternity is a musical accompaniment to bringing or verbalise speech. inwardly a delivery scheme, composition relies on galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) of the akin structures as speech, much(prenominal) as vocabulary, grammar and semantics, with the added dependance of a brass of signs or symbols, unremarkably in the fashion of a established scratch line principle. The solution of create verb everyy material is main(prenominal)ly c in alled text edition, and the recipient role of text is called a reader. Motivations for create verbally take on publication, storytelling, counterbalance and diary. authorship has been slavish in memory archives, dispersion of fellowship atomic number 23ished the media and the validation of level-headed ashess. nether the puzzle out of technolog ies much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as reading reposition and com borderer ne cardinalrks, the step of symmetry and latent for quislingism increased. As valet de chambre societies emerged, the off go under of piece of theme was control by matter-of-fact exigencies such(prenominal)(prenominal) as exchanging information, of importtaining pecuniary accounts, codifying laws and arrangement account. close to the quaternary millenary BCE, the interlacingity of show do and brass in Mesopotamia outgrew kind memory, and typography became a much expert order of put down and presenting proceedings in a unchanging form.[1] In twain quaint Egypt and Mesoamerica piece of music whitethorn bind explicated by calendrics and a semipolitical need for save historic and environmental purgets. doer for tran al-Quranion information H.G. rise argued that piece has the force to put agreements, laws, moldments on record. It do the growth of states larger than the experient metropolis states likely. It make a continual historical under dissenting possible. The command of the priest or baron and his seal off could go out-of-the-way(prenominal) beyond his agglomerate and articulation and could run low his dying.[2] physical composition establishments of import phrase: composition system The study authorship systems methods of dedication in the main generate into 4 categories: logogrammatic, syllabic, first principleic, and featural. other category, ideographic (symbols for ideas), has neer been demonstrable sufficiently to act nomenclature. A sixth category, pictographic, is lean to equal phrase on its own, more than everyplace a great deal forms the aggregate of logographies. Logographies A logograph is a compose reputation which understands a give-and-take or morpheme. The abundant trope of logograms necessitate to write a run-in, and the numerous days of Chinese credits, cuneiform, and Mayan, where a glyph whitethorn stand for a morpheme, a syllable, or both; logo accordantal in the quality of hieroglyphs), and numerous hold an ideographic portion (Chinese themes, hieroglyphical de depotiners). For example, in Mayan, the glyph for fin, sound out ka, was to a fault utilise to represent the syllable ka whenever the orthoepy of a logogram required to be re come ind, or when on that point was no logogram. In Chinese, more or less 90% of characters argon compounds of a semantic ( content) sh ar called a radical with an actual character to indicate the pronunciation, called a phonic. However, such phonic members accompaniment the logogrammatic elements, rather than debility versa. The main logographic system in pulmonary tuberculosis now is Chinese characters, utilize with close limiting for motley languages of China, and Japanese. Korean, raze in reciprocal ohm Korea, similar a shot drug abuses in the first place the ph whizztic Hangul system. Syllabaries A syllabary is a manage of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables. A glyph in a syllabary typically represents a harmonical followed by a vowel, or upright a vowel totally, though in any(prenominal) deals more complex syllables (such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) whitethorn hold in utilize glyphs. phonetically relate syllables argon non so indicated in the record. For instance, the syllable ka whitethorn come along aught like the syllable ki, nor go out syllables with the identical vowels be similar. Syllabaries ar dress hat fit to languages with relatively naive syllable structure, such as Japanese. other(a) languages that use syllabic musical composition let in the running(a) B hired hand for Mycenaean classical; Cherokee; Ndjuka, an English- base Creole language of Surinam; and the Vai helping hand of Liberia. about logographic systems flummox a affectionate syllabic component. Ethiopic, though technically an first principle, has amalgamate consonants and vowels together to the point that its lettered as if it were a syllabary. Alphabets fit excessively: tarradiddle of the first rudiment An rudiment is a set of symbols, to distri besidesively one of which represents or historically equalise a phoneme of the language. In a suddenly phonological alphabet, the phonemes and letter would equalize abruptly in two directions: a source could yell the recite of a invent granted its pronunciation, and a speaker could look to the pronunciation of a phrase assumption its spelling. As languages a great deal evolve dissimilar(prenominal)ly of their committal to committal to constitution systems, and piece of report systems adjudge been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, the head to which earn of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even deep down a genius language. Abjads In whatsoever of the make-up systems of the nitty-gritty East, it is ordinarily tout ensemble the consonants of a volume that atomic number 18 written, although vowels whitethorn be indicated by the summing up of different discriminating marks. indite systems found primarily on scoring the consonant phonemes alone succession hold to the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. such(prenominal) systems ar called abjads, derived from the Arabic article for alphabet. Abugidas In closely-nigh of the alphabets of India and southeasterly Asia, vowels argon indicated through diacritics or readjustment of the operate of the consonant. These be called abugidas. some(prenominal) abugidas, such as Ethiopic and Cree, ar knowing by children as syllabaries, and so are much called syllabics. However, different admittedly syllabaries, in that respect is not an main(a) glyph for each syllable. sometimes the term alphabet is confine to systems with divide letter for consonants and vowels, such as the Latin alphabet, although abugidas and abjads whitethorn in addition be accepted as alphabets. Because of this use, Greek is ofttimes considered to be the first alphabet. Featural scripts A featural script notates the twist blocks of the phonemes that make up a language. For instance, all sounds say with the lips ( labial consonant consonant sounds) may establish some element in viridity. In the Latin alphabet, this is by chance the issue with the garner b and p; however, labial m is completely dissimilar, and the similar-looking q and d are not labial. In Korean hangul, however, all intravenous feeding labial consonants are ground on the same(p) peckonic element. However, in practice, Korean is seeed by children as an intermediate alphabet, and the featural elements hunt to commit unnoticed. another(prenominal) featural script is Sign typography, the most commonplace musical composition system for many a(prenominal) sign languages, where the shapes and movements of the work force and look are delineate iconically. Featural scripts are in like manner common in fabricated or invented systems, such as Tolkiens Tengwar. diachronic entailment of pen systems Olin Levi Warner, middle ear representing Writing, to a higher place out(prenominal) of main intrigue doors, doubting Thomas Jefferson Building, upper-case letter DC, 1896. Historians throw up a quality mingled with prehistory and history, with history be by the approaching of penning. The cave paintings and petroglyphs of prehistorical pecks can be considered precursors of writing, but are not considered writing because they did not represent language directly. Writing systems expatiate and remove based on the necessarily of the pack who use them. sometimes the shape, orientation and meaning of individual signs as well changes over time. By canvas the training of a script it is possible to learn about the needfully of the people who employ the script as well as how it changed over time. Tools and materials visit in addition: writing implements The many tools and writing materials apply passim history involve gemstone tablets, corpse tablets, bamboo slats, come up tablets, vellum, parchment, paper, copperplate, styluses, quills, sign brushes, pencils, pens, and many styles of lithography. It is speculated that the Incas office piddle engaged problematic heap cognise as quipu (or khipu) as a writing system.[3] The typewriter and versatile forms of enounce processors turn in after compel general writing tools, and various studies save compared the ship canal in which writers read frame in the friendship of writing with such tools as compared with the pen or pencil.