Personal letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal letter - Essay Example Different games would be Operation, Sorry, and CSI board games. The Beatles, The Bee Gees, and Korn are music from different generations. I had to research online about different generations. American schooling was another aspect of the book I read. American schooling is easier that in my homeland. American children also do not go year round. The texts are not as expansive as I am used to. The chapter of Living in a Postcolonial World was enlightening. This chapter showed how American society is made up of many cultures. Every major culture can be found in America. Globalization has made American borders less daunting. The Internet has also promoted globalization in America. In The Buddha of Suburbia, I learned a person does not have to be classified. Karim was Indian and British; gay and straight. Karim faced prejudices because he did not belong to one group or culture. The sex was a bit graphic, but it made the point clearer. This story also shows how post colonialism confuses identities. This story also shows that every individual has a unique story. Not all Indians have to be the same. Due to my cultural differences, I like to work alone. This way no one can see how I struggle with the English language. I can use the library and other methods to check my work. Spell check and hours at the library have helped some. When I did work with others, the experience was pleasant and beneficial. I like my classmates. They are friendly and helpful. My tutors are also very patient. The schools environment is good to learn in. The academia I have learned in America is altered from the schools in my homeland. I thought American schools would be very easy. I could not have been more wrong. Even though I took English courses back home, the courses here are more difficult. Due to my limited English, my need for a tutor, and my performance in class, I deserve no more than a C. I wish I could recommend

National Film Registry and Existentialism Reflection Patch Essay Example for Free

National Film Registry and Existentialism Reflection Patch Essay Existentialism Reflection Patch Adams is a movie about a man that is determined to be a doctor. Along the way, he comes across some issues when he won’t conform to the rest of the medical students. He is actually a good example of an existentialist. He is his own person within a larger society, or the other students at the school. He follows what he believes in and his life turns out almost just the way he wanted it to. In the movie, there were some quotes: â€Å"Look beyond the problem.† –Arthur †¢Everyone else stares whatever their problem is right in the face and expect to figure out the solution. Arthur tries to say, look past the problem. Focus on the solution. â€Å"See the world anew each day.† –Arthur †¢In a way, this is a stoic quote. To not let anything previous to this day affect it. Everyday holds a new adventure and if you are worrying about the past, how are you ever going to enjoy it? â€Å"The mental hospital was the best thing that ever happened to me.† –Patch †¢In the hospital, he found out he loved to help people. He wanted to listen to people and make them enjoy life. He really found his passion and without the mental hospital, he maybe never would have. â€Å"Death is not the enemy†¦indifference is.† –Patch †¢When people are dying, showing care is the most important thing. If they don’t know that people care, that makes death so much worse. Everyone is going to die someday. Everyone should just enjoy life. As relating to existentialism, Kirkegaard would have thought that Patch was a good example. He was a part of the group, yet he was his own person within that group.

The Catholic Church: The Death Penalty

The Catholic Church: The Death Penalty Capital punishment remains a controversial public issue whose moral complexity has been recently affirmed further by a variety of television shows, movies, talk shows and writings. In the midst of this debate are the victims of assault who, understandably enough, would usually rather see their aggressors dead than alive. One of the most prominent victims in this context is the late Pope John Paul II who, after an assassination attempt, never fully recovered from the gun wounds that nearly killed him. Nevertheless, Pope John Paul II made of the attack an example of forgiveness. Pope John Paul II did not stop here but called also for the abolition of the death penalty on this particular occasion. In other words, Pope John Paul II sought to affirm that the answer to violence is not more violence. On the contrary, the proper response would be in the affirmation of Jesus Christs message of hope, forgiveness and reconciliation. It might seem reasonable to conclude in this perspective that since the late Pope was so vehemently against the death penalty, the whole Catholic Church is and has always been opposed to this form of punishment. A closer analysis reveals however that the contrary is true. In the Catholic Church, teachings on the death penalty have changed and developed over time. For example, for many centuries, the Catholic Church accepted the notion that the state reserved the right to take a life in order to protect society. However, over time, and in the light of new facts and realities, the Catholic Church began to recognize that there are other non-violent means through which the state can effectively protect society. (Congressional Records 16751) Today, the Churchs teachings clearly argue against the practice of capital punishment. In short, a historical observation of the status of the death penalty among Catholics and an analysis of the Catechism of the Catholic Church reveal a continuous change and evolvement of perception regarding the practice over the centuries. The Catechism of the Catholic Church clearly defines the conditions under which a life can be taken and highlights thereby the reasons that support the Churchs convictions. For example, the Catechism specifically states that: If bloodless means are sufficient to defend human lives against an aggressor and to protect public order and the safety of persons, public authority should limit itself to such means, because they better correspond to the concrete conditions of the common good and are more in conformity to the dignity of the human person (Congressional Records 16751). This passionate defense of the sanctity of life, even a criminals, is mainly related to the Catholic belief that all humans are created in the image of God and therefore possess a certain amount of value, dignity and worth which ought to be protected and uphold at any time. In other words, the Catholic Church today regards every individual as a sacred being and strongly affirms that every human life is precious, including the life of those individuals who violated the rights of others. The Church currently defends this position by pointing out that human dignity is not qualified by the individuals actions as it is inherent and can therefore neither be earned nor forfeited. In the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the conditions under which a life can be taken, even for the purpose of protecting others, have been significantly narrowed over time. Today the Church passionately argues against the death penalty and justifies the stance through a reference to a variety of Biblical scriptures and religious and moral/ethical concepts. However it is interesting to note that Church approached the dilemma from a different perspective for many centuries. According to the excerpts 2266 from the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the efforts of the state to curb the spread of harmful social behavior ought to be recognized and supported for the common good. In this context, the Church supported the right of the state to inflict any suitably deemed punishment including the death penalty, as long as it was proportionate to the gravity of the offense. Excerpt 2267, issued by the Vatican on September 9, 1997, suggests at first glance a continuity in the Churchs point of view. The excerpt namely asserts that non-lethal means are preferable to lethal ones but that recourse to the death penalty was nevertheless not opposed by the Church if it was in the defense and protection of a human life. It is thus interesting to note how the Church moved to gradually curb the practice of the death penalty in a subtle but nevertheless very effective manner. For example, excerpt 2267 is in fact, despite its affirmation of the Churchs acceptance of capital punishment, very strict about the act as the death penalty is only deemed acceptable if it manages to protect a human life from an aggressor. Since contemporary states and criminal justice systems already possess a variety of means through which a criminal can be prevented from harming others, cases where it is absolutely necessary to suppress the guilty are today very rare, if not practically non-existent (Death Penalty Information Center). It is thus relevant to conclude in the light of the aforementioned that the Catholic Church has gradually evolved to limit the conditions under which a life can be taken, even a criminals. The Catholic Church takes today a pro-life, abolitionist view of the death penalty for a variety of reasons that have especially grown in significance over the last few decades. First of all, the Church affirms that there is no conclusive evidence which supports the belief that the death penalty reduces the homicide rate. Thereby, one of the most inhuman, petty and immoral reasons for retaining the death penalty is related to the idea of retribution, or vengeance, which quite obviously conflicts with Jesus message of forgiveness and peace. In the last decade, the Holy Father has affirmed frequently that this purpose undermines the states attempts at reform and the protection of its citizens and the common good. Punishment should not be about vengeance but about the defending of public order and the ensuring of public safety while simultaneously reaching out to the offender to correct his or her behavior. Since there are other methods through which the public good can be defended and as the execution of the offender prevents from any chance of rehabilitation, the death penalty consequentially fails in meeting the standards of the Catholic Churchs definition of the acceptable and effective punishment (Congressional Records 16751). This carefully constructed and well-reasoned opposition of the death penalty has become, as stated, especially outspoken over the last few decades. In the United States, and especially beginning with the 1980s, Catholic bishops began recognizing that Christian tradition has for a long time acknowledged the governments right to protect its citizens by applying the death penalty in certain cases. However, and as society and the penal system evolved, capital punishment became less justifiable according to the Bishops in a 1980 statement entitled Capital Punishment. The main reasons for opposing the death penalty, according to the statement, are related to the ideas of retribution and deterrence. With regard to deterrence, it was stated that while capital punishment does prevent certain individuals from repeating their crime, others are not necessarily prevented from engaging in similar atrocities. As for retribution, the bishops underlined the previously discussed about the irrelevance of capital punishment as a form of effective punishment if it is a means through which to seek vengeance rather than social security, stability, justice, dignity and rehabilitation (Overberg). All of these reasons are what currently define the Catholic Churchs stance regarding capital punishment; reasons that have only grown in relevance over the last few decades. Indeed, the acceptance of capital punishment has varied over the centuries in the Roman Catholic Church. Until at least the middle of the twentieth century, it was generally agreed that the state had the right, and sometimes the duty, to impose the death penalty for certain inacceptable offenses. These ideas were justified through a reference to Scripture. It is interesting to note how this teaching was the common doctrine of the Fathers and Doctors of the Church, including for instance the two great Doctors of the West, Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Pope Innocent III accepted in the thirteenth century the concept of the death penalty as a proper form of punishment for heretics. Even after the Second World War, Pope Pius XII showed clear support of capital punishment; a position that was affirmed by the Catechism of the Council of Trent. It is also interesting to note that while currently, and as has been illustrated, the death penalty is judged to be weak in meeting the basic princi ples of proper punishment; it was for a long time judged to be suitable for the following four reasons: retribution, defense of society against the criminal, deterrence and rehabilitation. Ironically enough, all of these reasons are presently also cited to underline the immorality of the death penalty. The reliance on these four reasons by Catholics in the past versus now illustrates the evolvement and change in the content of the ideas which contributed to the overall alteration of the Churchs point of view regarding the death penalty. For instance, while retribution is today regarded as a petty reason that should be excluded out of any effective punishment, the Church used to affirm that when justice has been grossly violated, it was acceptable to believe that the restoration of order would require depriving an individual of life itself. This position was defended by Scriptures such as Romans 13:1-4 and Genesis 9:5-6. Thereby, while the Church regards capital punishment today as a failure in providing the offender with a chance of rehabilitation, it used to affirm just a few decades ago that while execution does not reintegrate offenders into society, it prevents hardened criminals from spiritually harming themselves further by sin.(Owens, Elshtain 23-25) It becomes thus clear through these brief comparisons between past and current understandings of concepts and reasons related to capital punishment, that the issue has been indeed gradually, but nevertheless definitely, changing over time in the Roman Catholic Church. It has become clear that the Catholic Church has been gradually adapting its perceptions of the issue of capital punishment over the centuries. The changes usually came in response to certain social conditions. For instance and as has been noted, Pope Innocent III deemed this form of punishment suitable for heretics which is understandable considering the context of the thirteenth century. Since World War II, opposition to capital punishment among Catholics grew steadily due to the fear that the criminal justice system was abused in the death camps of Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia. (Owens, Elshtain 24) It is nevertheless observable that the Church has only cautiously moved towards confining the practice of capital punishment. In 1992, in the first edition of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, and specifically in article 2266, the classical position of the Church was reaffirmed. It is however interesting to note that the following excerpt, 2267, laid the first subtle but nevert heless effectively restrictive measures that define the Churchs position today. The rise of Pope John Paul II and his continuous and passionate criticism of the death penalty have undoubtedly strengthened the Churchs position even further. Today, the Catholic Church seeks to send the message that the cycle of violence can only be broken through the application of Jesus Christs message of hope, forgiveness and love. Taking a life in response to a criminal act is criticized as ineffective in solving the current social and crime problems rooted in a complex reality that includes social conditions as poverty and injustice. Thereby, the Catholic Church seeks to abolish the death penalty today to uphold the dignity and worth of a human being as man is created in the image of God and it is only HE who is the Lord of life. Humans are therefore by no means entitled to destroy life, which should be taken care of and treated as sacred and worthy no matter what. In the context of these beliefs is indeed no place for the acceptance of capital punishment.

Charles Dickens Contempt for Lawyers Revealed Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Charles Dickens Contempt for Lawyers Revealed Great Expectations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charles Dickens viewed lawyers as being mean, cruel, and relatively heartless (Collins 175). Throughout much of Dickens' literature, lawyers are stereotyped through characters and these characters are used as a means of commentary about the lawyers of the time. Jaggers, from the novel Great Expectations, seems not to be an exception. Through the character of Jaggers, an understanding of Dickens' view of early nineteenth-century lawyers can be obtained.    Dickens felt that lawyers were overly concerned with power and not concerned enough about truth. Through Jaggers, the first evidence of this claim can be seen by his name alone. By sound, the name "Jaggers" creates an image of something that cuts. In a similar vein, "Jaggers" closely resembles "jagged" which portrays a rough and sharp image. The images produced by this name aptly describe the business attitude of Jaggers, an attitude that Dickens seems to revere as efficient, but condone as heartless.    The first meeting with Pip reinforces the idea of Jaggers as the power-centered lawyer. In explaining his presence there to Pip, Jaggers states, "If my advice had been asked, I should not have been here" (140; ch. 18). After reading about the business that Jaggers is there to conduct, this statement begins to take on some meaning. Jaggers is saying that if he were asked, he would not advise anyone to throw away such money on a trivial charity case. Jaggers, wrapped up in the power of his profession, could not possibly advise such a careless handling of money. For Jaggers, power is not about helping the little man for charitable purposes. Dickens seems to suggest here ideas about how power has corrupted the intentions of lawyers, people who are in a position to help those in need.    Even Jaggers' mannerisms seem to suggest the image of power. For example, Pip observes Jaggers eating a sandwich and comments that "he seemed to bully his sandwich as he ate" (167; ch. 20). It is as if Dickens wants to make a point about how lawyers are power hungry all of the time, even in the handling of their inanimate meals. The way that Jaggers bullies his sandwich is not unlike how he bullies the clients that he is supposed to be serving.

Critically Evaluate Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as Way of Understanding Employee Motivation in Contemporary Chinese Business

Critically evaluate Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as way of understanding employee motivation in contemporary Chinese business. Because of the great developing and consume potentials in China, more and more multinationals are attracted. Companies who had rich successful experiences in west have difficulties to manage in this unfamiliar emerging market (in Alas, 2008). To define the way of understanding employee in China, needs and motivations of Chinese employees should be considered first. Maslow's hierarchy of needs as one of the most discussed theories which related to people motivations should be included.According to Maslow’s model, individuals have the same order of needs all over the world. Some criticisms pointed out that needs would change under different cultures. Furthermore, following the great changes of China, employee motivations between new China and contemporary China changed as well. Due to the reform in China, Chinese people have more chance to communic ate with western which gave a important impact on Chinese employees’ work values and motivations. This essay will evaluate Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as way of understanding employee motivation in contemporary Chinese business.From Maslow’s perspective (in Geren, 2011), human needs are the same worldwide. It indicated that the hierarchy of needs which developing based on U. S. society can be applied all over the world. Whereas the research of Hofsted (2001) reported that people under different cultures have diverse values which have a motivational influence on life choices and behaviors (in Alas, 2008). Compared with the individualism culture in U. S. , China exists as a collectivist society due to its long history of traditional culture and the dominant position of imperial power.Individuals in the individualistic society are concerned more about self-success, but for Chinese people, maintain harmony within their social environment is more significant. Accordi ng to Kirkman and Shapiro (in Alas, 2008), there are some crucial links between cultural values and job attitudes which can be the approach to study employee motivations between U. S. and China deeply. A diagram about the hierarchy of needs of the People's Republic of China by Nevis (in Gambrel and Cianci, 2003) showed that the order of needs of Chinese people and employees are: social belonging, physiological, safety and elf-actualization. Employees in China tend to emphasize social needs more over individualistic needs which means the status and identity were concerned more in a society, while employees in more individualistic society such as America stress more on individualistic needs. A famous case was at Lenovo when Chinese and American employees worked as a group, Chinese employee considered the team as the key for company’s successful. However, The Americans were trying to identify individual high performers (Gallo, 2008).The hierarchy of needs model seems not appropr iate for understanding the employee motivations in China business. However, an ambitious reform program was launched in China. Instead of a relatively closed system previously, an open, market-driven system had been set up. A series of actions including entering the WTO, opening the western region of China and building up an information network have given dynamic to support the system and take the way to develop. As a result of these great changes of China, employee motivations and work values between new China and contemporary China changed as well.According to studies by Ralston et al. (in Jaw, 2007), Work values of contemporary Chinese leaders who get a higher score on individualism differ from those older generation of the past. It indicated that new generation of Chinese manager characterized more individualistic. Furthermore, because of the experiences to western thought and management practices, Chinese employees who ever had under western cultural influence are more aggressi ve (in Jaw, 2007). It stated that work values are different between Chinese employees who have western cultural experiences and those who have not.Chinese employees who have western cultural exposure experiences focus more on individual values, especially self-esteem and self-actualization which can be applied in Maslow’s model. As the number of those employees increasing, this tendency will become more obviously. For those Chinese employees who do not have a western background, they put more emphasis on the material standard of living and work conditions which can be seen as the first level of Maslow’s model. For example, high wages have been seen as one of the most significant factors to attract employees in contemporary Chinese business.In order to motivate employees more effectively, Google’s office in China not only provide fresh fruit and high quality food, but also create relax and comfortable working environment (Marre, 2011). The ANOVA test of work valu es in 4 areas showed that Chinese respondents pay more attention to the provision of welfare than employees in the other areas (in Alas, 2008) . When employees’ age is old enough to retire, they need the welfare to support daily life without working. It reflected the importance of the security of their work.The reasons behind their needs were attributed to the different developments in the economy after experiencing a centrally planned economy in China and low material standards of living (in Jaw, 2007). Although China has been seen as the emerging market with full of power, the country had experienced a socialist regime which have considerable less wealth than traditional capitalist countries and started to develop only around 30 years. That caused most of Chinese employees still strive for the lowest need and also explain the rationality of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in China. To sum up, as the representer of U.S. middle class values during the period of individual achievements were stressed, Maslow’s model is not applied across all cultures (in Jaw, 2007). However, as a result of the reform in China in 1978, links between China and the world connected. By the influence of western culture, Chinese manager and employee who had a background in foreign countries shown more aggressive and ambitious which closer the stage of self-esteem and self-actualization among Maslow’s theory. On the other hand, general employees focus more on income, work environment and welfare which explain Maslow’s model in a practical way.Although Maslow’s model is not apply in a collectivistic society, it becomes more proper to express Chinese employees motivations after 30 years’ development. Word count:1004 References: Alas, R. (2008) Attitudes and values in Chinese manufacturing companies: A Comparison with Japanese, South Korean and Hong Kong companies. Chinese Management Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 pp. 32-51 Marre, W. (2011) Is GOOGLE Emp loyee Heaven? Available from: [March 2012] Gambrel, P; Cianci, R. (2003) Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs: Does It Apply In A Collectivist Culture. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship; Apr 2003; 8,2; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 43 Gallo, F. (2008) Business Leadership In China: How to Blend Best Western Practices with Chinese Wisdom, Publisher: Wiley; (August 1, 2008) Geren, B. (2011) Motivation: Chinese theoretical Perspectives. Journal of Behavioural Studies in Business Vol. 3 [online]. Available from: [March 2012] Hofstede,G. (2001) Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nation(2nd ed. ), SAGE Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA Jaw, B-S; Ling, Y-H; Wang, C. Y-P; Chang, W-C. (2007) The impact of culture on Chinese employees' work values. Personnel Review Vol. 36 No. 1, 2007 (pp. 128-144)

Legal Ethics Essay

I. Lawyer and Society a. Observations i. Pursuant to rule 1.03, CPR, one defense counsel manifested to the honorable court that he does not wish to postpone the case again, the same having been previously postponed for four times already because of the prosecution’s failure to present their witness. II. Lawyer and the Legal Profession b. Observations iii. Respect between defense counsels and fiscal iv. Address each other with respect v. Candid and Friendly vi. After hearing, counsels for accused approached prosecutor and bid their goodbyes, with laughs, as if they were really close friends vii. Pursuant to canon 8, fiscal and defense counsel (female), during their direct and cross examinations, respectively, never used offensive language whenever they have objections during the examination of the witnesses. III. Lawyer and Courts c. Observations viii. Treat Personnel with respect ix. No sign of any disgust or disrespect to Judge Danilo Galvez, despite approval of the latter of postponement of his case. x. Pursuant to 10.03, procedure, there was no showing that any of the lawyers violated any procedural rules of the court. xi. Pursuant to canon 11 and the rules thereof, all lawyers punctually appeared at their respective hearings; they were all properly attired when they came to court; and no offensive or menacing language were used, especially in one particular case where there was a direct and cross examinations xii. Pursuant to rule 12.07, during the cross examination of attorney of the witness of the fiscal, she never, even for once, harassed the witness. She addressed her questions to him very calmly and respectfully. xiii. IV. Lawyer and Client d. Observations xiv. In one case, the counsel for the defense manifested that if it be okay with the honorable judge and the court that the trial so proceed because the same has been postponed 4 times already; but prosecutor insisted for the postponement and reassured the court that on the next hearing they will be able to present their witness; judge granted postponement, â€Å"in the interest of justice† xv. In another case, the prosecutor objected to the manifestation by the opposing counsel to dismiss the case; the reason for the proposed dismissal was because the prosecutor was not present at the last hearing; the reason for the objection was that the counsel looking to dismiss the case was also absent the previous hearing; judge said that both of you have been absent in one of the hearings, in the interest of justice, case will be postponed and will resume.

Free Essays on Should Marajuana Be Leaglized

Should cannabis be legalized? I think so. If you agree with me then read this article. If you don’t, then read it anyway. It might teach you a thing, or two, about reality. Cannabis, weed, grass, and marijuana; they are all the same: completely harmless, and completely misunderstood. 260 million people worldwide use it for its potential advantages. Those who don’t use it are missing out. In 1973, the drug was banned from use in Britain, much to the dismay of its users. For twenty-seven years, people have fought for the right to use it as a drug, unsuccessfully. Read on to find out the mistake that we have made. The first point that politicians raise is that cannabis has a worse effect on the user than tobacco in cigarettes. This is also the first point at which they stumble. Cannabis is ten times worse for the lungs when mixed with tobacco, but alone, cannabis does not cause any negative effects such as those of cigarettes. However, a cigarette does not simply contain tobacco. It also contains over 2000 other chemicals, such as tar and nicotine, which affect the body in negative ways. As for alcohol, not only can it affect the body in the long term, but there is also a risk in ‘drink-driving’. Far more people die, at present, under the effect of alcohol and cigarettes than die from cannabis. And, very importantly, both cigarettes and alcohol are addictive, whereas, it is impossible to become physically addicted to cannabis. It is also impossible to over-dose on cannabis, and people who die after taking it, die of their own stupidity. One claim is that, if cannabis were legalized, the tobacco companies would jump at the chance to produce tobacco-based reefers so as to get more young people addicted to smoking tobacco. I feel this is true. However, if someone is buying cigarettes, they are buying them for the pleasurable effects that come with them. If they are buying cannabis, they are buying it for exactly the sa... Free Essays on Should Marajuana Be Leaglized Free Essays on Should Marajuana Be Leaglized Should cannabis be legalized? I think so. If you agree with me then read this article. If you don’t, then read it anyway. It might teach you a thing, or two, about reality. Cannabis, weed, grass, and marijuana; they are all the same: completely harmless, and completely misunderstood. 260 million people worldwide use it for its potential advantages. Those who don’t use it are missing out. In 1973, the drug was banned from use in Britain, much to the dismay of its users. For twenty-seven years, people have fought for the right to use it as a drug, unsuccessfully. Read on to find out the mistake that we have made. The first point that politicians raise is that cannabis has a worse effect on the user than tobacco in cigarettes. This is also the first point at which they stumble. Cannabis is ten times worse for the lungs when mixed with tobacco, but alone, cannabis does not cause any negative effects such as those of cigarettes. However, a cigarette does not simply contain tobacco. It also contains over 2000 other chemicals, such as tar and nicotine, which affect the body in negative ways. As for alcohol, not only can it affect the body in the long term, but there is also a risk in ‘drink-driving’. Far more people die, at present, under the effect of alcohol and cigarettes than die from cannabis. And, very importantly, both cigarettes and alcohol are addictive, whereas, it is impossible to become physically addicted to cannabis. It is also impossible to over-dose on cannabis, and people who die after taking it, die of their own stupidity. One claim is that, if cannabis were legalized, the tobacco companies would jump at the chance to produce tobacco-based reefers so as to get more young people addicted to smoking tobacco. I feel this is true. However, if someone is buying cigarettes, they are buying them for the pleasurable effects that come with them. If they are buying cannabis, they are buying it for exactly the sa...

Gun Control A Firing Issue misc essays

Gun Control A Firing Issue misc essays Gun control is undoubtedly an issue that most Americans have been exposed to. In 1989, guns killed 11,832 Americans. The National Rifle Association (NRA) members believe that it is their constitutional right to own guns, stating that guns are not the root of the crime problem in the United States. Gun control activists like the members of the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence (CSGV) argue that guns are responsible for the majority of violent crimes that take place. They wish to instill many types of bans and waiting periods on firearms, making it nearly impossible to obtain a handgun. In fact, in 1993 the Brady Bill, which mandates a waiting period on buying firearms, was passed. Their arguments range from protecting children to saying that guns are diseases, but when one looks at the facts, though, the arguments of gun control advocates seem irrelevant and it becomes clear that guns should not be controlled. Gun ownership by private citizens is protected under the 2nd Amendment. It states that "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."" The forefathers of our country meant for the people to own and use firearms, and any law or control on that right would be unconstitutional. Gun control activists essentially believe the Second Amendment guarantees only to its militia the right of arms, but the "Gun control proponents have yet to identify even a single quote from one of the founders to support their claim" (Silver 78). The 2nd Amendment supports gun owners, and hard evidence that it does otherwise is nonexistent. Gun control advocates have been lobbying for 7 years for the passage of the Brady Bill, which makes a waiting period mandatory for all national firearm sales. Ironically, the passage of this bill in 1993 has done nothing to reduce crime; in fact violen...

Best custom ROMs for Redmi Note 4

Best custom ROMs for Redmi Note 4 This article is dedicated to all those tech savvy people out there who want to know which all are the best custom ROMs available out there for the latest device from Redmi, the Redmi Note 4. With great processing power and exquisite features, this is one of those devices that can be tweaked by users to utilize its maximum potential. Installing Custom ROMs is one of the best and easiest ways to make your mobile phone work much better than how it does in stock ROM. Installing custom ROMs allows you to have much more features than the company provides and also helps to provide a smoother and better interface. Here, we are listing some of the best Custom ROMs for the REDMINOTE 4, the latest entrant in the smart phone market. LineageOSIf you are already familiar with custom ROMs, chances are that you have already heard about the CyanogenMod. LineageOS was introduced right after CyanogenMod had announced that they have stopped all their services and development. The Lineage 14.1 ROMlooks somewhat similar to the CyanogenMod Oss and their performance too are quite similar to those from CM ( quite good ). TheLineage 14.1 is based on the Android 7.1 Nougat and thus allows the users to get all the features that Nougat produces on a device that run son Android Marshmallow! Cyanogen Mod 13Even though CM has stopped all their services, CM13 is still available online. Based out of Android Marshmallow, the CM13 is one of the fastest, smoothest and most user friendly custom ROMs out there. With features that gives its customers a lot of customization options it is probably the best custom ROM out there if you like the Marshmallow basic features. Resurrection Remix When you look for new Custom ROMs, stability of the OS is something you have to be wary of because there are a lot of custom ROMs out there that are not stable. This is exactly where the Resurrection Remixscores maximum points. With a very stable and user friendly user interface this is a good custom ROM. Combined with this is the fact that it has a very intimidating look that is easily customizable. The fact that they have combined the best features from various Custom ROMs has made this one of the best custom ROMs out there. Dirty Unicorns Like most other user friendly custom ROMs available in the market. Latest version of the Dirty Unicorns available out there right now is the10.4. The simple features that can be tweaked according to personal tastes quite easily make it popular among custom ROM lovers. Definitely worth a try if simple User Interface is what you are looking for. XenonHD If you are one of those people who think performance of a device is the most important aspect, look no further. This is one of the most lightweight and ultra fast custom ROMs available! With simple features that keeps the ROM simple, the XenonHD is quite attractive. Even though the ROM is simple and lightweight make no mistake as this has an easy to customize User Interface with various options for the same. PAC-MAN ROM Like the name suggests, this is an extremely fun to use ROM that provides features which makes the user experience quite good. The ROM seems to be very stable and bug free which makes it very attractive! MIUI ROM The MIUI custom ROM has been developed by the developers team from MI who knows quite well that not everyone uses stock ROMs. They have been constantly providing stable, user friendly and exciting custom ROMs on a constant basis. With an attractive user interface and lot of features to play with, this is a very attractive custom ROM and is definitely worth the try.

Procurement and management of construction Essay

Procurement and management of construction - Essay Example It is major contributing factor to client satisfaction in the entire processes as well as the accomplishment of the plan with reference to the above descriptions and definition of the project participants and authorities (Cox 2005, p 75). There are numerous procurement methods and their selection can result to a successful or unsuccessful project. It is advised that procurement method selection is of greater importance especially after the recent financial slow-down and the latest bubble bursts among properties. Its importance is based on the ability of controlling the risk, time, responsibilities and entire building costs. The selection of a procurement method is mostly based on the scope and nature of the work under preposition. Other factors may include apportionment of the risks, where and how the design responsibility has to be placed, coordination of the entire process and the contract price on which the entire process is to be awarded. In choosing and settling on the forms of contract, it is essential to make a choice on the type of contact and procurement method. Procurement using the traditional approach has the clients accepting consultant’s appointment for designing, controlling cost, administration of the contract and that is the outworker is accountable for the works being carried out. These discussed responsibilities are extended to all employees or workforces that include suppliers and sub-contractors. The disadvantages of the traditional method of contracting include the engagement of contractors in the nominated, named and pre-selected methods. This is because the contractors may take full charge of the performance or even have limited responsibilities. In the case of the latter, it is essential to have a warranty between the sub-contractor and the clients. Another disadvantage is that the choice of contractors is usually based on competitive tenders that include presentation of documents to provide complete information. Other factors th at can be used in the choice of contractors include earlier appointments through nomination information, partial nomination or through negotiation. In most cases, people use the accelerated traditional method of contracting that involves two stages of negotiating or tendering. An advantage to this method is the ability for the construction to run or continue parallel to an extent that is limited. An additional advantage is that it creates an opportunity for early starting on the site as well as entailing costs that are less certainty. Other traditional methods include sequential traditional lump sum system of building contracting. The client and the construction company In the projects discussed below, there are numerous contractors and subcontractors involved with the client being Wembley National Stadium Limited. The construction industry in the United Kingdom is consisted of about three hundred firms that offer employment to almost two million individuals. These people are held u p in different roles and embraces suppliers and producers, products and construction materials, manufacturers and building services, installers and providers, contractors and sub contractors, advisers, professional and construction clients. Others who are included into this industry are organizations relevant to design, operation, building and refurbishment of buildings. In the UK, construction is essential since it provides a gross value added of about 8.7% that can be

Program Design and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Program Design and Development - Essay Example This may be attributed to availability of weapons such as firearms and the influence of the media, more so, the social media (Ferguson, Maryam & Raskin, 2005). As a result, the injuries inflicted on the victims are truly fatal. Furthermore, many people were made angry by the juvenile system’s inability to manage or put under control violent behavior exhibited by young people. The politics of current laws of juvenile justice reforms leaves a lot of doubt about the administration. The legislators maintain that the people require policies that are tough. On the other hand, moral panics tend to disappear after a crisis. The Congress’ goal should be to move the country away from laws and policies that have failed and more often than not turned young delinquents into tough criminals to an agenda that promotes rehabilitation and mentoring. The justice system in America has for a long time categorized a vast number of offenders that are young as adults, taking their cases in co urts for adults and sending them to adult prisons (Miller & Bartollas, 2007). This paper will be a design of a criminal justice program to remedy the Juvenile Justice problem in America. Delinquency Prevention Program The Delinquency Prevention Program will concentrate on the risk and protecting factors revealed to be associated with juvenile delinquency. Utilizing this method, individuals start with identifying risk factors that add on to their problem of delinquency. These factors may include negative peer influence; unemployment; drug and substance abuse in the surrounding environments; truancy; violence in the home or community; poor achievement in school; and lack of involvement by the society, family or school (Zimring, 2005). In looking at the risk factors, societies take into account a number of school, peer, community, and family factors that promote delinquency. After the identification of the risk factors, individuals in the community add to the protective factors that ca n help curb or minimize behaviors that are delinquent. Strategies to put forward protective factors may involve community volunteer services, academic tutoring, organized family activities, and the use of mentoring programs. The protective factors can enhance a young person’s resistance to risk. The living environment can also be enhanced through promoting social interaction that is positive, creating attachment in the society, and facilitating strong connections in the family (Shelden, 2011). From this point of view, prevention of juvenile delinquency is perceived to be cheaper than rehabilitating young delinquents. Detention Center Incarceration Program The Detention Center Incarceration Program includes a section that gives emphasis to physical work, extreme treatment and educational services, and discipline like that of the military. In addition, the program gives supervision that is intense joined with transitional and treatment services in the society. The programâ€⠄¢s philosophy is similar to that of the Boot Camp Incarceration Program. This program is essential for the first time juvenile offenders who are seen to be needy of security by the court and arrested for nonviolent offences. The juvenile delinquents can benefit from a structured program and strictly controlled environment. School-Based Probation The School-Based probation program has a probation officer in a school premise to provide direct administration of

To what extent is the enterpreneurship activity the domain of small Essay

To what extent is the enterpreneurship activity the domain of small businesses - Essay Example It is in this appetite for spotting the opportunity and taking the risk that makes small businesses more flexible and versatile in nature and thus good enough to make them capable to convert a business idea into the process of business creation thus innovativeness and creativity are two landmarks of the people who run the small businesses. 1 The term small business is very loosely described and discussed. One idea suggests that a small business is any business which is not large and has very small number of employees. Though the requirement for the number of employees may vary from country to country according to the legal framework of that country however the European Union standards suggest that any business with less than 50 employees is categorized as small business. (Wikipedia, 2008). Generally these businesses are privately owned sole proprietorships or partnership firms. The nature of these firms may be limited to an institution which is limited to the management of the owner or partner of the firm and there is no separation of the ownership and the firm thus the entrepreneurs who run the show at the show at these small businesses are at highest risk of personal liability.(Osborn,1951). Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses Previously, it was believed that since entrepreneurship denotes the creation of some contribution that did not previously exist, entrepreneurship therefore was largely equated with the small business, ownership and management. Due to this overleaping of the concepts entrepreneurship is often interlinked with the small businesses. (Carland et al, 1984).In this essay, we will also use the entrepreneurship and small businesses interchangeably. Further, this essay will look into some of the factors which allow the owners of these small businesses to tap the opportunities and convert them into

Is Theseus an example of a typical ancient Greek hero Essay

Is Theseus an example of a typical ancient Greek hero - Essay Example The story follows the same motifs that are followed by other hero stories. These motifs include the background of the hero, the heroic tasks accomplished by the hero, his love life and his downfall due to his own mistakes. Similar to several other Greek hero stories, the story of Theseus even focuses on the background of the heroes. Lord Raglan has provided events that occur in the lives of a Greek hero and some of these events relate to the background regarding the birth of the hero. Raglan states that a Greek hero is mostly born to a royal mother and his father is either mortal or an immortal person (Dowden 104). The father of a hero in most cases is either a God or a King. In Theseus case, he was actually born to a king named Aegeus but was brought up by a king named Pittheus who was also his grandfather (Grant 14). Raglan even states that just before or just right after the birth of a Greek hero, the child is tried to be killed by his own father or even by his own grandfather. In the story of Theseus, he was not tried to be killed by any of his relatives at birth. Raglan even noted that most of the Greek heroes are brought up by either one of the parents or by parents who are not related to him by blood. In case of Theseus, he was brought up by her mother, but he even had his grandfather as a father image and is not brought up by foster parents. Furthermore Raglan argues that when the Greek hero grows up or reaches the life stage of manhood, he is informed about his actual father and later sets out to claim the kingdom he is going to control in future (Dowden 104). In case of Theseus, his mother later informs him that his father is a King and guides him to perform a task that will prove to the king that Theseus is his son. He completes the task which is to lift a stone and obtain the sandal and sword of his father and sets out on a journey to meet his father and live under his father’s Kingdom. Another important element of a heroic story

Knowledge in American History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Knowledge in American History - Term Paper Example These amendments were pivotal in the history of African Americans and along with the 20th century Civil Rights movement constitute the most crucial periods in terms of freedom for African Americans. Even as the Constitution guaranteed rights to African Americans there was still a substantial amount of resistance, particularly at the hands of Southern states. This era saw the rise of the Ku Klux Klan as a means of oppressing African Americans. The Klan would engage in acts of terrorism, including house burnings and murder, as a means of intimidating African Americans. The Civil Rights Act of 1871 was put in place to restrict ethnic violence in response to the Ku Klux Klan movement (Stevens, 2001). During this period ‘black codes’ were also enacted as a means of attempting to oppress the recently freed African Americans. These acts were enacted by some Southern states as a means of continuing to restrict the rights of African Americans through controlling employment, their right to own firearms, or act as jurors in trials of white individuals. With the Civil Rights Act of 1866 these acts were repealed (Stevens, 2001). With the added control over employment and the plentiful agricultural land in the Southern regions, African Americans began engaging in sharecropping activities. Sharecropping occurred on land that was previously used as a plantation. In these instances, African Americans would rent small plots of land from the plantation owner to harvest their own crops. During this period there were also extraordinarily high illiteracy rates among African Americans, with a reported 70% illiteracy rate in the Southern states (Stevens, 2001). In response, this era also witnessed the emergence of some of the first schools for black... This term paper mostly focuses on the period of American history, in which African Americans led their fight for equality in civil rights, in knowledge and opportunities. The researcher follows and examines the historical progression of African Americans throughout five distinct periods in American history spanning from 1865 through the present era. In the term paper, it’s clear that throughout the eras examined by the researcher the United States experienced significant historical progress in regards to the social and cultural position of African Americans. Unit One examines the Reconstruction period and how African Americans fought to achieve rights and prosperity in the wake of the Civil War. Unit Two of this term paper follows this progression as Southern states attempted to counteract black progress through enacting Jim Crow laws that would remain in place until the second half of the twentieth century. Unit Three explores the continued oppression of blacks through Jim Cr ow laws, as well as the Great Migration wherein great amounts of individuals migrated north to escape this oppression. The Great Migration consisted of the migration of over five million African Americans from the Southern to Northern States. Unit Four of the term paper examines the substantial progress made during the Civil Rights Movement. Finally, Unit Five examines this progress as African Americans made gains in achieving political office and experiencing employment gains. President Kennedy and Martin Luther King were mentioned in this part.

To what extent is the enterpreneurship activity the domain of small Essay

To what extent is the enterpreneurship activity the domain of small businesses - Essay Example It is in this appetite for spotting the opportunity and taking the risk that makes small businesses more flexible and versatile in nature and thus good enough to make them capable to convert a business idea into the process of business creation thus innovativeness and creativity are two landmarks of the people who run the small businesses. 1 The term small business is very loosely described and discussed. One idea suggests that a small business is any business which is not large and has very small number of employees. Though the requirement for the number of employees may vary from country to country according to the legal framework of that country however the European Union standards suggest that any business with less than 50 employees is categorized as small business. (Wikipedia, 2008). Generally these businesses are privately owned sole proprietorships or partnership firms. The nature of these firms may be limited to an institution which is limited to the management of the owner or partner of the firm and there is no separation of the ownership and the firm thus the entrepreneurs who run the show at the show at these small businesses are at highest risk of personal liability.(Osborn,1951). Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses Previously, it was believed that since entrepreneurship denotes the creation of some contribution that did not previously exist, entrepreneurship therefore was largely equated with the small business, ownership and management. Due to this overleaping of the concepts entrepreneurship is often interlinked with the small businesses. (Carland et al, 1984).In this essay, we will also use the entrepreneurship and small businesses interchangeably. Further, this essay will look into some of the factors which allow the owners of these small businesses to tap the opportunities and convert them into

Knowledge in American History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Knowledge in American History - Term Paper Example These amendments were pivotal in the history of African Americans and along with the 20th century Civil Rights movement constitute the most crucial periods in terms of freedom for African Americans. Even as the Constitution guaranteed rights to African Americans there was still a substantial amount of resistance, particularly at the hands of Southern states. This era saw the rise of the Ku Klux Klan as a means of oppressing African Americans. The Klan would engage in acts of terrorism, including house burnings and murder, as a means of intimidating African Americans. The Civil Rights Act of 1871 was put in place to restrict ethnic violence in response to the Ku Klux Klan movement (Stevens, 2001). During this period ‘black codes’ were also enacted as a means of attempting to oppress the recently freed African Americans. These acts were enacted by some Southern states as a means of continuing to restrict the rights of African Americans through controlling employment, their right to own firearms, or act as jurors in trials of white individuals. With the Civil Rights Act of 1866 these acts were repealed (Stevens, 2001). With the added control over employment and the plentiful agricultural land in the Southern regions, African Americans began engaging in sharecropping activities. Sharecropping occurred on land that was previously used as a plantation. In these instances, African Americans would rent small plots of land from the plantation owner to harvest their own crops. During this period there were also extraordinarily high illiteracy rates among African Americans, with a reported 70% illiteracy rate in the Southern states (Stevens, 2001). In response, this era also witnessed the emergence of some of the first schools for black... This term paper mostly focuses on the period of American history, in which African Americans led their fight for equality in civil rights, in knowledge and opportunities. The researcher follows and examines the historical progression of African Americans throughout five distinct periods in American history spanning from 1865 through the present era. In the term paper, it’s clear that throughout the eras examined by the researcher the United States experienced significant historical progress in regards to the social and cultural position of African Americans. Unit One examines the Reconstruction period and how African Americans fought to achieve rights and prosperity in the wake of the Civil War. Unit Two of this term paper follows this progression as Southern states attempted to counteract black progress through enacting Jim Crow laws that would remain in place until the second half of the twentieth century. Unit Three explores the continued oppression of blacks through Jim Cr ow laws, as well as the Great Migration wherein great amounts of individuals migrated north to escape this oppression. The Great Migration consisted of the migration of over five million African Americans from the Southern to Northern States. Unit Four of the term paper examines the substantial progress made during the Civil Rights Movement. Finally, Unit Five examines this progress as African Americans made gains in achieving political office and experiencing employment gains. President Kennedy and Martin Luther King were mentioned in this part.

Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting Essay Example for Free

Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting Essay 1.Report the demographic and independent variables that are relevant to complete a demand analysis providing a rationale for the selection of the variables. (Independent variables are the variables that have effect on the demand of Pizza). List 5 and explain the effect of each of them on the demand of Domino’s Pizza. I currently reside in Allentown, Pennsylvania, which has a current population, based off of the 2010 Census data, of 118,032 people. The large amount of people that reside in the 18 square mile city, which is the third largest in the state, allows for huge competition amongst the local chain and privately owned pizza restaurants. Within the city limits of Allentown, Pennsylvania, there are 3 Domino’s pizza restaurants within 13.2 miles of each other. The average median income per household is $49,025 and $37,356 per family. This can affect the demand of pizza based on the price of the pizzas being sold. The lower the income of a family is, the lesser the chances they will purchase take-out or fast food. Typically, families that are on a fixed or smaller income will live on a budget and normally that does not include the luxury of eating out. Looking at the price of various Domino’s Pizza, Pizza Hut and various local pizza restaurants, the average cost of a large, plain cheese pizza pie is $10.42. While this may be a good price to some, families with a higher number of members may not be willing to pay $10+ per pizza due to the fact that they most likely have to purchase in multiple quantities. 15 percent of the Allentown, Pennsylvania population get around by means of transportation other than a car, therefore a pizza restaurant offering delivery services will be a benefit to those not able to pick their pizza up. The local average fee for pizza delivery is $2.00, based off of two of the large chain pizza restaurants delivery fees. The local privately owned pizza restaurants do not charge a delivery fee, which is a greater demand for those residents looking to spend the least amount of money on their pizza lunch or dinner. Many pizza restaurants offer various pizza order specials, such as 2 large plain pies for $19.99. While that is a great offer, the larger chain pizza restaurants such as Domino’s and Pizza Hut offer various specials like a large pizza for 8.00 or a large 3-topping pizza for $7.99. The only disadvantage of these specials is that the pizzas vary in their large size from restaurant to restaurant. 2.Find the price elasticity of demand for Pizza online. Is it elastic, unit elastic, or inelastic? Explain how the price elasticity of demand can affect your decision to open the pizza store and your pricing policies? Price elasticity of demand is defined as â€Å"the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to the percentage change in price, assuming that all other factors influencing demand remain unchanged† (McGuigan, 2011, pg. 70). With the average cost of pizza in Allentown, Pennsylvania being $10.42, it is still a very high demand product. If the price of pizza were to go up, the demand for pizza may drop slightly, making the demand in price insensitive. There are certain determinants that will affect the price elasticity such as disposable income and the prices of competitors’ products these cannot be controlled by the firm. Determinants that can affect the price elasticity of pizza that can be controlled by the firm are price, advertising, product qua lity and customer service (McGuigan, 2011, p. 69). The price elasticity demand for pizza is and will most likely always be inelastic, because even though the cost of the ingredients to make pizzas may increase and decrease, pizza is a very popular product and will always be in high demand. Being a part of the Domino’s Pizza franchise, offering the various weekly and monthly specials will guarantee that the demand for pizza will not decline by a huge rate should the need to increase pricing arises. This will not affect my decision to open a Domino’s Pizza franchise, I am confident that the demand for pizza will only slightly decrease if economic reasons forces pricing to rise. My pricing policies will always be in line with Domino’s corporate structure, therefore being able to offer special deals on pizzas will counter balance the rise on individual pizza pies. 3.Explain the cross price elasticity. List 3 goods that you consider substitute to pizza in your area. How do they affect your decisions? (opening the store and pricing policy) Cross price elasticity is defined as â€Å"the ratio of the percentage change in the quantity demanded of Good A to the percentage change in the price of Good B, assuming that all other factors influencing demand remain unchanged† (McGuigan et al, 2011, pg. 87). If the price of pizza’s rises and the demand decreases by a certain percentage then this causes the need for pizza boxes will decline. This will be considered a negative cross price elasticity, and the two goods are complementary. On the other hand, if the price of pizza increases, and the demand for an alternative product increases, then this is considered substitutes, and the cross price elasticity is positive. Some substitutes for pizza in the event the price rises could be Subway sandwich platters, KFC family bucket meals, and Chinese food platters. Families buy pizza because of the large quantity for a cheap price, but if the prices were to increase, then these same families may look for similar alternatives that will not empty their wallets. These are possible alternatives that offer a large quantity of food at a reasonable price that can affect the demand of pizza. However, monitoring the costs of the competing fast food restaurants in the Allentown, Pennsylvania area will allow Domino’s to offer certain specials and pizza deals to the community that can keep their demand at a high rate. 4.Explain how you will forecast the demand for pizza in your community for the next four (4) months, using the regression equation including the assumptions that were used. Justify the assumptions made related to the forecast. 5.Based on the forecasting demand, price elasticity, and cross price elasticity discuss whether Dominos should establish a restaurant in your community. Provide a rationale and support for the decision. Establishing another Domino’s Pizza restaurant in the Allentown, Pennsylvania area will be a good idea because there is a true demand for pizzas. Referring to the price elasticity and the cross price elasticity, the positive outweighs the negative sides of supply and demand. Whether or not the price of pizzas goes up, the demand will always be sufficient enough to warrant the decision to open up a new restaurant. The price elasticity is inelastic because if and when the price of pizza increases, the demand for it will not be greatly affected. Domino’s Pizza’s financials for first quarter 2013 were released and the pizza giant had revenues up 8.6% from Q1 2012, and their net income was up 65.9% for the same period in 2012 (Dominos.com, 2013). This proves that even during the decline in the economy, the demand for pizza stays at the top. Domino’s Pizza sells more than one million pizzas daily, it is safe to assume that opening a new Domino’s in the Allentown area will not be a bad decision.

Financial Crisis of the French Monarchy

Financial Crisis of the French Monarchy What was the nature of the financial crisis that faced the monarchy in 1789? The financial crisis of the French Monarchy during the 17th and 18th centuries has been an issue of controversy amongst historians, on one hand some historians do not consider the financial crisis to have been of great influence to the French revolution, whereas others believe that the financial crisis was a significant factor of the French revolution. Of the historians that believe the latter, there remains dispute over the nature of the financial crisis. There is somewhat of a classical interpretation, which maintains that the financial crisis was due to the system of taxation and privilege of France. This interpretation has been widely contested in recent years however, with a number of new factors coming to light. Historians such as Joel Felix, now speculate that the financial crisis was due to a vast number of factors such as, War, the governments policy of borrowing, finance ministers and the system of vested interest. In this essay I will examine each of these factors to deter mine what the nature of the financial crisis was, however it is my argument that despite these factors being important, evidence seems to suggest that it was nature in which the government handled the financing during the war that was the biggest contributing factor to the economic crisis. Firstly it is important to consider the crisis that the monarchy faced. In the 1780s it was suggested that the French government was burdened with a debt of 5 million livre, J. Brewer assessed that between the years of 1753 and 1764 the cost of the debt rose from 30% of ordinary revenue to 60% (Brewer, 1989). This debt was huge, however when considered against the history of the French Monarchy, which J. Bosher does in French Finances, there appears to have been deficits and debt burdens throughout, which did not amount to the financial crisis like that seen in 1789. For example Francois I began his reign with unresolved debt and borrowed heavily from Lyon bankers. Similarly Henri II ended his reign in a grand financial crisis; it seems on examination of the Bourbon monarchy, few had not struggled with finances and all had used emergency measures to control government finances. It is important, then, to understand that the situation that the French monarchy was in during the 17th and 18th century was different to the financial problems faced by previous monarchs but not new in its conception. With this in mind a clear evaluation can be made of the nature of the financial crisis of 1789. Firstly I will start with the classical interpretation that the financial crisis was caused largely by a system of taxation and privilege that drained money from the French people. Crucially the argument focuses upon the great tax burden. It was understood from this interpretation that because the first and second estates were exempt from taxation, the whole burden fell upon the third estate, and that these taxes were unusually high. There are several problems with this theory of tax burden upon the third estate as an explanation for the financial crisis. Firstly the Cahier de Dolances evidences that most complaints about taxation were concerned with the inequalities of the tax system as well as collection, complaints about tax burdens namely concerned seigneurial or feudal dues that did not contribute to the Kings annual revenue. Secondly a study by Peter Mathias and Patrick OBrien, which focused on respective tax rates of Britain and France, found that in fact the British were more heavily taxed then the French (Felix, 2006). This evidence suggests that the financial crisis did not come from a reaction to a tax burden. But what of privilege? It is clear that the system of privilege made the financial system of France unjust; also privilege was a crucial part of the ancien regime. Within this opinion it is argued that the privileged orders of France blocked reform methods that would have enabled the monarchy to receive more revenue and correct its huge deficits. It is true that there was opposition to tax reforms from the nobility, and example of this comes from the Parelments rejection of the third vingtieme, which led to Marion commenting, they only had self-interests at heart'[1]. This view point that the privileged sort to block reform to maintain their lifestyle is one that many classical historians attribute to the fall of the ancien regime, and it does enable one to link the issue of privilege to the issue of tax reform, but it does seem to be lacking in some crucial elements that need to be accounted for when evaluating the financial crisis. Firstly, the issue of privilege confuses taxation with finance as Joel Felix points out, it doesnt account for the lack of financial disclosure which caused the finance ministers difficulty in securing loans'[2]. Secondly, the argument that the privilege blocked reforms for selfish interest is destroyed by the Cahier de Dolances which shows that with rare exceptions the members of the nobility ha d unanimously expressed the desire to give up pecuniary privileges and become full'[3]. Thirdly, and probably the most damning criticism of this classical interpretation is that the clergy and nobility would have only added 32-36 million livres well below what was needed to balance the budget'[4]. It seems obvious then, that neither the tax burden nor the system of privilege can be attributed to the financial crisis of 1789, what needs to be considered is the system of taxation itself? It has been suggested that the labyrinth of taxes, franchises and laws amounted to the most powerful block of Monarchys desire to tax more equitably'[5]. The Crown relied on the service of intermediaries to manage. These agents were largely independent and often engaged in profit making enterprises. The financers controlled the borrowing process and had a vested interest in keeping the French finances the way they were. Not only would they lend money to the King at high interest rates, which I shall deal with later, but they took money away from the Kings revenue by charging to collect taxes. An example of this is the Farmers General, a collection of private entrepreneurs that made profit in collecting taxes, arranging payments and money transfers and lending to the Crown. Typically they made a profit of 10 25% or more of the revenue collected'[6] for the Crown, Darigrand suggested for this reason that there was no need for tax reform, just a means of recovering what was lost from collection'[7], he suggested that from 15,000 livre collected 3,000 was left for the Royal Treasury'[8]. Roussel also made this distinction and suggested that the defect of the current financial system was the inability to close the gap between what people paid in taxes and what the King received'[9]. Collection agents also strongly opposed the idea of French Bank system, The accountants, Farmers General and other financers would not tolerate a Central bank system because it would have cut down their profits'[10], which would have helped the French monarchy secure finance dramatically, I shall assess the consequence of this later on. Here it is necessary to make a comparison between Britain and France in terms of tax collection, which many historians such as White, Riley and Bosher, do when evaluating French finances. In Britain tax collection was in the hands of centrally appointed government officials, instead of the French system using independent tax collectors under the Farmers General, who were largely untrained and did not come under the control of the King. The British system was also largely centralised unlike the French system which varied according to region which made revenue policing and administration difficult (Brewer, 1989). It is clear that the tax system in France did contribute more than any other element considered so far to the financial crisis. Other than what I have considered already one of the most dramatic elements of the taxation system was the affect it had on public opinion. There was a deep sense of hatred for the Farmers General within French society, this coupled with the secrecy over French finances bread an attitude that considered the financial crisis to be a result of lavish spending of the government and poor management of finance, rather than other more important factors, J.Felix comes to this conclusion about the public, public who continually blamed the deficits on poor royal administration and expenditure of court rather than on cost of war and burden on privilege'[11]. Despite the damaging effect the taxation system had on French finances it should be considered that the Farmers General in reality took no greater percentage than any other tax collection agency of this period in history, with this considered it seems necessary to evaluate Louis XVI management of his finances and his contribution to the financial crisis. It was commented that France was not overburdened by taxes, but the political economy constrained the ability to finance state expenditure. By this I am not implying that the reason for the financial crisis was due to the Kings lavish spending at court, however the King did undertake in lavish spending in terms of Wars, and it is this which seems to be the most damaging factor concerning French finances. There are many issues to consider when looking at Frances involvement in wars. Many underestimate the impact of war on a countries economic situation, as war was often fought on foreign soil or at sea and is therefore less directly harmful to a kingdoms domestic economy'[12], however an in depth look at the nature at which the French government financed wars provides many answers in understanding the financial crisis. Some historians have said that the financial crisis was largely attributed to wars. The War of League of Augsburg 1688 91 and the War of Spanish Succession 1701-13 for example both occurred during the first 25 years of a cycle of economic depression which resulted in financial difficulties for the monarchy early on. Later in the 17th and 18th centuries three major wars contributed massively to a strain on the government finances. The war of Austrian Succession 1740-8, The Seven Years War 1756-63 and the American War 1778-83, overall the French were involved in 22 years of war compared with 21years peace'[13]. The costs of these wars were huge and resulted in a huge increase in government expenditure. An example of this is the War of Austrian succession in which expenditure exceeded normal income by 112million by 1748[14]. This resulted, as Joel Felix points out, in 8 years the government had to secure a sum of money that without war it would have taken 12years to collect'[15]. Obvio usly war increased the strain on government finance, but it was the governments handling of this that resulted in real financial crisis. The government relied on borrowing to finance these wars, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, this resulted in numerous problems. The French system of undisclosed financial records and their lack of bank system meant that securing loans was difficult for financial ministers; the interest rates of loans grew according to the length of the war, accompanied by a general lack of confidence lenders had in the French finances. This meant that finance ministers had to offer higher interest rates and short term loans to lenders in order to generate enough revenue, for example Necker offered loans at rates between 6.5 9% (Felix, 2006). This system of lending meant that peacetime became dangerous territory in terms of French finances as they could no longer revenue higher taxes on the public but had large debts to pay off after the war. In respect of this, another issue comes to light, the French public who were already unsatisfied with the system of taxation were unwilling to an increase in taxes come peacetime, and also the need for immediate credit required to fight a war, meant that an increasing demand was put upon finance ministers to finance the war through credit. This is what finance minister Necker did with the American War. Although this solved the difficulty of increasing taxes it left the impression that it was not necessary to increase taxes to finance a war, which was further compounded when Necker published his Compte Rendu au Roi which showed a balanced budget neglecting to show the deficit caused by the war. The result of these measures taken by the French government to secure money for war was tha t it was increasingly incurring more debt without gaining an increase in revenue. Considering this it is again fitting to compare French finances with British finances, for in the same period of time Britain encountered 5 wars but enjoyed a system of adequate finance due to superior system of credit'[16], despite the fact that they too borrowed in order to finance war. There are several reasons for this; firstly the interest rates the British paid were far less than the French, at 3% (Bosher, 1970). This explains why; when Necker estimated the debt of 3,400,000,000 after the American war was equal to England he was wrong, as France was paying double the interest rate of Britain (Bosher, 1970). Secondly, the British had a different system in terms of administration and government control, and also a Bank, it left parliament in control of finances, giving them the control to raise taxes in order to suppress a deficit providing investment confidence. The same is true of its Bank system; it gave the British an effective way of raising funds. It is therefore understand able that Britain was preferable to France, as in Britain the debt was the states, whereas in France the debt was Royal (Bosher, 1970). By far the war had the most impact on the French finances; it pushed the deficit into a sum so large that it could not be counter-acted by increased taxation. It can therefore be used as an explanation of the financial crisis of 1789, but as I have demonstrated in this essay, it is not merely one factor that caused the financial crisis of 1789 but several. What needs to be considered is that it was not Frances involvement in wars that caused the financial crisis, but more the way the French government handled its finances. As can be seen the combined factors of the French keeping its financial details a secret from the public, the French borrowing at high rates, and the governments commitment to a system of privilege that seems to have formed the nature of the financial crisis. This conclusion of there being several factors that formed the nature of the financial crisis seems to have arisen fairly recently, one that modern historians draw upon more than old. J.C.Riley The Seven Years War and the Old Regime Page 212 Princeton University Press 1986 Joel Felix The Financial Origins of the French Revolution Page 44 Macmillian 2006 Joel Felix The Financial Origins of the French Revolution Page 45- Macmillian 2006 E.N. White The French Revolution and the Politics of Government Finance, 1770 -1815 Page 8 The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 2 (Jun., 1995) Joel Felix The Financial Origins of the French Revolution Page 47 Macmillian 2006 J. Bosher French Finances Page 9 Cambridge University Press 1970 J.C.Riley- The Seven Years War and the Old Regime Page 204 Princeton University Press 1986 J.C.Riley The Seven Years War and the Old Regime Page 204 Princeton University Press 1986 J.C.Riley The Seven Years War and the Old Regime Page 194 Princeton University Press 1986 J.Bosher French Finances Page 17 Cambridge University Press 1970 J. Felix The Origins of the French Revolution page 60 Macmillian 2006 J.Felix The Origins of the French Revolution page 40 Macmillian 2006 J.Felix The Origins of the French Revolution page 40 Macmillian 2006 J.Felix The Origins of the French Revolution page 41 Macmillian 2006 J.Felix The Origins of the French Revolution page 41- Macmillian 2006 J.Bosher French Finances page 23 Cambridge University Press 1970

Muted Women in Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own and Elizabeth Barre

Muted Women in Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own and Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Aurora Leigh In the predominantly male worlds of Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own and Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s â€Å"Aurora Leigh (Book I)†, the women’s voices are muted. Female characters are confined to the domestic spheres of their homes, and they are excluded from the elite literary world. They are expected to function as foils to the male figures in their lives. These women are â€Å"trained† to remain silent and passive not only by the males around them, but also by their parents, their relatives, and their peers. Willingly or grudgingly, the women in Woolf and Browning’s works are regulated to the domestic circle, discouraged from the literary world, and are expected to act as foils to their male counterparts. Without the means of securing financial independence, women are confined to the world of domestic duties. In Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own, Mary Seton’s â€Å"homely† mother is neither a businesswoman nor a magnate on the Stock Exchange. She cannot afford to provide formal education for her daughters or for herself. Without money, the women must toil day and night at home, with no time for learned conversations about â€Å"archaeology, botany, anthropology, physics, the nature of the atom, mathematics, astronomy, relativity, geography† – the subjects of the men’s conversations (26). As Woolf notes, if Mary’s mother had gone into business, there would have been no Mary. Children are financial burdens and they make heavy demands on a mother’s time. It is impossible that a mother could feed and play with their children while making money, because women are expected to raise large families; they are the ones who ca rry o... ...n. And muted the women are, in A Room of One’s Own and â€Å"Aurora Leigh†. They cannot vocalize their opinions, wants, and needs when they are confined to their homes and discouraged from joining the predominantly male literary circles. Moreover, females are expected to act as foils to the males so that the patriarchal societies may flourish. Coleridge once said that a great mind is androgynous (Woolf, 106). When the men and women can cooperate and unite their minds and bodies, Shakespeare’s gifted sister will be able to re-emerge, freeing the muted voices of these oppressed women. WORKS CITED Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own. London: Flamingo, 1994. Browning, Elizabeth Barrett. â€Å"Aurora Leigh†. 1856. Correspondence Course Notes: ENGL 205*S Selected Women Writers I, Spring-Summer 2003, pp. 26, 27. Kingston, ON: Queen’s University, 2003.

Correlation of the Behavior of Female Waitresses at Sports Bars and the

When we go out to eat or drink at a sports bar, we usually find that a majority of the servers and bartenders are females. Why is this, one might ask. The most obvious reason is that they draw in more male customers to drink beer and eat food. If a male patron were to walk into a sports bar, he would stay longer and spend more money because he would tend to be checking out a server that he considered attractive. Servers usually know this so they tend to expose themselves more and dress accordingly to attract more guys and hopefully to receive larger tips. One bartender interviewed for this project, who works at Buffalo Wild Wings, would climb on ladders behind the bar, to draw attention to herself. She hoped that her actions would result in the customers giving her a larger tip than they would otherswise. Based upon the tips received, this strategy worked. Seeing this interested the writer to look into the topic of how servers use their physical appearance for a better tip . With further research, this was proved true for almost every restaurant investigated. Waitresses go above and beyond from simply applying makeup to changing their hair color, and changing the way they would serve an average customer to fit their needs. The customers also play a role in the tip given, which can usually be determined by the gender, race, age, and connections to the waitress. If customers would tip based on the service provided, then the female waitresses wouldn’t have to flirt or make the guest feel like that need to tip better. Background Review of Literature Many of the sources address the way the waitresses change their physical appearances and the outcomes. However, some also discuss the emotional side of the server or the pr... ... Works Cited Gatta, M. (2009). Restaurants servers, tipping, and resistance. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 6(1-2), 70-82. Guà ©guen, N. (2012). Hair color and wages: Waitresses with blond hair have more fun. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 41(4), 370-372. Guà ©guen, N. (2009). Menstrual cycle phases and female receptivity to a courtship solicitation: An evaluation in a nightclub. Evolution and human behavior, 30(5), 351-355. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.004 Jacob, C., Guà ©guen, N., Boulbry, G., & Ardiccioni, R. (2009). Waitresses' facial cosmetics and tipping: A field experiment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 188-190. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.04.003 McCall, M., & Lynn, A. (2009). Restaurant servers' perceptions of customer tipping intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 188-190.

Racial Profiling

This paper is going to review recent studies on racial profiling and critiques many of their methods. I will be using the conflict theory to review a number of ways that may explain racial disparities in the rates of crimes. Also I will be using conflict theory to review how it affects people in society. It addresses the major problem of inequality that exists in society today. Racial profiling in America is where those in authority use race factor when arresting citizens. Racial profiling occurs when the police target someone for investigation on the basis of that person's race, origin, or ethnicity.It has led police agencies across the world to start collecting information about traffic and pedestrian stops. The controversy over this is that all assumptions are race based. One example of this research states that police face the use of race to make decisions during traffic and pedestrian stops. The public is concerned that these decisions reflect racial prejudice, and racism. Many researchers continue to defend theses profiles, saying that they are based of accurate facts (Hersezenhorn, 2000; Kennedy, 1997; Taylor ;amp; Whitney, 1999).Other experts have tested the accuracy of these profiles, and still have argued that even if accurate, all decisions based off race is inappropriate (Harris, 1997, 1999a; Kennedy, 1997). There are two meanings to racial profiling. â€Å"Hard† racial profiling uses race as the only factor. E. g. an officer sees a black person and pulls him over for a search and pat-down. â€Å"Soft† racial profiling is using race as one factor among others in criminal suspiciousness. E. g. a report says that a Jamaican drug lord is driving a Jeep, so troopers pull over black males who are speeding in Jeeps.Even though the driver was speeding, the reason the officer pulled him over instead of the other cars, was due to his race. Minorities are usually the ones affected by racial profiling. According to the public, the war on drugs im mediately became a war on minorities. There is evidence for racial profiling. One is anecdotal, which is a limited value. The other is statistical, which research is entirely worthless. Any evaluation of the evidence for the use of race profiling in policing must keep the contexts distinct. Today, skin color makes you a suspect in America. You are more likely to be topped, searched, be arrested or imprisoned. Racial profiling does not only exist in crime but in our society. People are segregated by race and ethnicity. A certain race may think that they are wealthier than others. They also believe that they have more power and education than other races. This creates a conflict between different races and ethnic groups. Class rank also conflicts when it comes to racial profiling. Upper class ideally has more power than middle and lower class. Thus, resulting in a group conflict. Lower and middle class want equal protection and power.Whites are usually in the higher rank, and blacks a re in lower ranks. Stereotypes also fall into the category of racial profiling. When we see someone who is black we automatically assume they are African. When we see someone who is Hispanic we automatically assume their Spanish. When we see an Asian person we automatically assume their Chinese, and when we see a white person we assume their American. It’s the little things like this that are considered racial profiling. Most of us don’t think that it’s bad but someone could take it offensively. Another way we use racial profiling is when we meet people.When you see a nice dressed white male you assume he’s wealthy and intelligent. When you meet a black male, who is not dressed as nicely, you assume he’s a thug, or has dropped out of school. The saying â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover† not only works for books but for people as well. The labor laws state that no one should be turned down for a job due to disabilities or their age . Shouldn’t this be the same with race, ethnic, and skin color? In conclusion racial profiling still exists in the United States because we allow it too. It must be stopped, before crimes go up.We should not make decisions off skin color or ethnic backgrounds. We’ve come a long way and everyone should be seen as equals. Even though racial profiling exists in crimes and police stops, we should make an effort to change this. There are other ways to go about making an arrest or sentencing someone to jail. Skin color, ethnic background, and religion should not be factors when deciding to arrest or pull someone over. I believe that if we make an effort to let everyone know that racial profiling is still happening today we can make a difference to prevent it.References Robin Shepard Engel, Jennifer M Calnon, Thomas J Bernard. Justice Quarterly: JQ. Highland Heights: Jun 2002. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; pg. 249, 25 pgs Katy Hurst (2008). http://www. mightystudents. com/essay/conflict. theory. explain. 70034 Heather Mac Donald (Spring 2001). The Myth of Racial Profiling: http://www. city-journal. org/html/11_2_the_myth. html John Reitzel, Alex R. Piquero. Does It Exist? Studying Citizens’ Attitudes of Racial Profiling: http://pqx. sagepub. com/content/9/2/161. abstract Racial Profiling This paper is going to review recent studies on racial profiling and critiques many of their methods. I will be using the conflict theory to review a number of ways that may explain racial disparities in the rates of crimes. Also I will be using conflict theory to review how it affects people in society. It addresses the major problem of inequality that exists in society today. Racial profiling in America is where those in authority use race factor when arresting citizens. Racial profiling occurs when the police target someone for investigation on the basis of that person's race, origin, or ethnicity.It has led police agencies across the world to start collecting information about traffic and pedestrian stops. The controversy over this is that all assumptions are race based. One example of this research states that police face the use of race to make decisions during traffic and pedestrian stops. The public is concerned that these decisions reflect racial prejudice, and racism. Many researchers continue to defend theses profiles, saying that they are based of accurate facts (Hersezenhorn, 2000; Kennedy, 1997; Taylor ;amp; Whitney, 1999).Other experts have tested the accuracy of these profiles, and still have argued that even if accurate, all decisions based off race is inappropriate (Harris, 1997, 1999a; Kennedy, 1997). There are two meanings to racial profiling. â€Å"Hard† racial profiling uses race as the only factor. E. g. an officer sees a black person and pulls him over for a search and pat-down. â€Å"Soft† racial profiling is using race as one factor among others in criminal suspiciousness. E. g. a report says that a Jamaican drug lord is driving a Jeep, so troopers pull over black males who are speeding in Jeeps.Even though the driver was speeding, the reason the officer pulled him over instead of the other cars, was due to his race. Minorities are usually the ones affected by racial profiling. According to the public, the war on drugs im mediately became a war on minorities. There is evidence for racial profiling. One is anecdotal, which is a limited value. The other is statistical, which research is entirely worthless. Any evaluation of the evidence for the use of race profiling in policing must keep the contexts distinct. Today, skin color makes you a suspect in America. You are more likely to be topped, searched, be arrested or imprisoned. Racial profiling does not only exist in crime but in our society. People are segregated by race and ethnicity. A certain race may think that they are wealthier than others. They also believe that they have more power and education than other races. This creates a conflict between different races and ethnic groups. Class rank also conflicts when it comes to racial profiling. Upper class ideally has more power than middle and lower class. Thus, resulting in a group conflict. Lower and middle class want equal protection and power.Whites are usually in the higher rank, and blacks a re in lower ranks. Stereotypes also fall into the category of racial profiling. When we see someone who is black we automatically assume they are African. When we see someone who is Hispanic we automatically assume their Spanish. When we see an Asian person we automatically assume their Chinese, and when we see a white person we assume their American. It’s the little things like this that are considered racial profiling. Most of us don’t think that it’s bad but someone could take it offensively. Another way we use racial profiling is when we meet people.When you see a nice dressed white male you assume he’s wealthy and intelligent. When you meet a black male, who is not dressed as nicely, you assume he’s a thug, or has dropped out of school. The saying â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover† not only works for books but for people as well. The labor laws state that no one should be turned down for a job due to disabilities or their age . Shouldn’t this be the same with race, ethnic, and skin color? In conclusion racial profiling still exists in the United States because we allow it too. It must be stopped, before crimes go up.We should not make decisions off skin color or ethnic backgrounds. We’ve come a long way and everyone should be seen as equals. Even though racial profiling exists in crimes and police stops, we should make an effort to change this. There are other ways to go about making an arrest or sentencing someone to jail. Skin color, ethnic background, and religion should not be factors when deciding to arrest or pull someone over. I believe that if we make an effort to let everyone know that racial profiling is still happening today we can make a difference to prevent it.References Robin Shepard Engel, Jennifer M Calnon, Thomas J Bernard. Justice Quarterly: JQ. Highland Heights: Jun 2002. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; pg. 249, 25 pgs Katy Hurst (2008). http://www. mightystudents. com/essay/conflict. theory. explain. 70034 Heather Mac Donald (Spring 2001). The Myth of Racial Profiling: http://www. city-journal. org/html/11_2_the_myth. html John Reitzel, Alex R. Piquero. Does It Exist? Studying Citizens’ Attitudes of Racial Profiling: http://pqx. sagepub. com/content/9/2/161. abstract Racial Profiling Racial Profiling Racial profiling has been around for hundreds of years and it's still around, but not as bad as it use to be. Racial profiling is wrong for many different reasons and here is why. For example, racial profiling is wrong because you can't judge somebody just because their skin color isn't white. Police officers were often pulling over people of color just for the fun of it. It was humiliating to the people because it made them feel like they were nothing more than a piece of garbage. The police officers didn't take colored people seriously and just did what they wanted. They asked permission to search the car and when he refused they searched it anyway† clearly states that the police had no respect for colored people and their feelings. Furthermore, racial profiling is wrong because it really does not matter what color skin you have, you can still be a good person at heart. â€Å"Virtually everybody is innocent, and virtually everybody is not white† is a t rue statement because it's not just black and hispanic people who are in gangs, rob stores, steal cars etc.. it's white people to.It makes people feel sad and unloved, and sometimes pushes them to a point to where they want to commit suicide. Also, it starts fights and arguments and if it goes to far, you end up getting arrested. In reality, everybody makes mistakes. All in all, I feel racial profiling is wrong because if you think about it enough and try and understand what it feels like to be constantly harassed and humiliated, you wouldn't like it either. Hopefully in the future, people stop being racist and just know everybody is human and everybody has feelings. Racial Profiling This paper is going to review recent studies on racial profiling and critiques many of their methods. I will be using the conflict theory to review a number of ways that may explain racial disparities in the rates of crimes. Also I will be using conflict theory to review how it affects people in society. It addresses the major problem of inequality that exists in society today. Racial profiling in America is where those in authority use race factor when arresting citizens. Racial profiling occurs when the police target someone for investigation on the basis of that person's race, origin, or ethnicity.It has led police agencies across the world to start collecting information about traffic and pedestrian stops. The controversy over this is that all assumptions are race based. One example of this research states that police face the use of race to make decisions during traffic and pedestrian stops. The public is concerned that these decisions reflect racial prejudice, and racism. Many researchers continue to defend theses profiles, saying that they are based of accurate facts (Hersezenhorn, 2000; Kennedy, 1997; Taylor ;amp; Whitney, 1999).Other experts have tested the accuracy of these profiles, and still have argued that even if accurate, all decisions based off race is inappropriate (Harris, 1997, 1999a; Kennedy, 1997). There are two meanings to racial profiling. â€Å"Hard† racial profiling uses race as the only factor. E. g. an officer sees a black person and pulls him over for a search and pat-down. â€Å"Soft† racial profiling is using race as one factor among others in criminal suspiciousness. E. g. a report says that a Jamaican drug lord is driving a Jeep, so troopers pull over black males who are speeding in Jeeps.Even though the driver was speeding, the reason the officer pulled him over instead of the other cars, was due to his race. Minorities are usually the ones affected by racial profiling. According to the public, the war on drugs im mediately became a war on minorities. There is evidence for racial profiling. One is anecdotal, which is a limited value. The other is statistical, which research is entirely worthless. Any evaluation of the evidence for the use of race profiling in policing must keep the contexts distinct. Today, skin color makes you a suspect in America. You are more likely to be topped, searched, be arrested or imprisoned. Racial profiling does not only exist in crime but in our society. People are segregated by race and ethnicity. A certain race may think that they are wealthier than others. They also believe that they have more power and education than other races. This creates a conflict between different races and ethnic groups. Class rank also conflicts when it comes to racial profiling. Upper class ideally has more power than middle and lower class. Thus, resulting in a group conflict. Lower and middle class want equal protection and power.Whites are usually in the higher rank, and blacks a re in lower ranks. Stereotypes also fall into the category of racial profiling. When we see someone who is black we automatically assume they are African. When we see someone who is Hispanic we automatically assume their Spanish. When we see an Asian person we automatically assume their Chinese, and when we see a white person we assume their American. It’s the little things like this that are considered racial profiling. Most of us don’t think that it’s bad but someone could take it offensively. Another way we use racial profiling is when we meet people.When you see a nice dressed white male you assume he’s wealthy and intelligent. When you meet a black male, who is not dressed as nicely, you assume he’s a thug, or has dropped out of school. The saying â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover† not only works for books but for people as well. The labor laws state that no one should be turned down for a job due to disabilities or their age . Shouldn’t this be the same with race, ethnic, and skin color? In conclusion racial profiling still exists in the United States because we allow it too. It must be stopped, before crimes go up.We should not make decisions off skin color or ethnic backgrounds. We’ve come a long way and everyone should be seen as equals. Even though racial profiling exists in crimes and police stops, we should make an effort to change this. There are other ways to go about making an arrest or sentencing someone to jail. Skin color, ethnic background, and religion should not be factors when deciding to arrest or pull someone over. I believe that if we make an effort to let everyone know that racial profiling is still happening today we can make a difference to prevent it.References Robin Shepard Engel, Jennifer M Calnon, Thomas J Bernard. Justice Quarterly: JQ. Highland Heights: Jun 2002. Vol. 19, Iss. 2; pg. 249, 25 pgs Katy Hurst (2008). http://www. mightystudents. com/essay/conflict. theory. explain. 70034 Heather Mac Donald (Spring 2001). The Myth of Racial Profiling: http://www. city-journal. org/html/11_2_the_myth. html John Reitzel, Alex R. Piquero. Does It Exist? Studying Citizens’ Attitudes of Racial Profiling: http://pqx. sagepub. com/content/9/2/161. abstract