Write about Carol Ann Duffys Head of English Essay Example

Write about Carol Ann Duffys Head of English Paper How do poets create the illusion of the speaking voice? Write about Carol Ann Duffys Head of English and one other poem from section one. In your answer show how language is used in both poems to convey attitudes and values. Head of English by Carol Ann Duffy explores the idea of stereotypical teachers and how G.B. Shaws dictum, He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches may apply. Carol Ann Duffy is almost scornful towards her main character as she portrays the teacher as bitter and jealous. The teacher had to settle for the nearest thing to being a poet, which was to teach rather than write. Head of English uses only one voice whereas Comprehensive uses seven different personas; Carol Ann Duffy is famous for being a ventriloquist. Comprehensive by Carol Ann Duffy explores the different attitudes to education in schools and life in general by using different personalities, each one a stereotype. Each voice has an individual view and we can tell this by the structure of the poem and language used. We will write a custom essay sample on Write about Carol Ann Duffys Head of English specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Write about Carol Ann Duffys Head of English specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Write about Carol Ann Duffys Head of English specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Carol Ann Duffy creates voice through her perspectives and views that she uses in Head of English. The teacher is envious of the poet, one could say almost resentful and she makes the poet feel like an outsider, as if she is not welcome, as she says After all, were paying forty pounds. This insinuates that she is telling the poet that she is expecting her recital to be very impressive and that she has high standards, which must be met. The teacher tries to prove that she has power to the poet as she continues to control every little thing her pupils do. Please show your appreciation by clapping. This line shows us that she is in control of her class; her pupils must do what she says, when she says it. However, it is almost as if she is showing off when she follows her order with Not too loud. She is controlling them down to the finest detail, trying to stop her pupils showing their admiration to the poet, the kind of admiration she knows that she cannot obtain from them herself. The teacher knows she will never get the same amount of respect the pupils feel for the guest, a successful poet, because she is herself a failed one. The teachers lack of creativity appears when she says Seasons of mists and so on and so forth, instead of Keats season of mists and mellow fruitfulness. The teacher then dares to connect her own writing with that of the guest, an expert in poetry, when she says Ive written quite a bit of poetry myself. The teacher is desperate to be seen as a talented teacher and, more importantly, a poet. The voice Carol Ann Duffy uses in Head of English rarely addresses the guest speaker directly when her pupils are there. She calls the poet the Muse which is a rude way to talk to a guest, as she does not use their name, which implies she does not see any individuality. This suggests that she is jealous of the poet as she tries to treat the guest as if they are inferior to her; denial of the fact that she knows this is sorely untrue. The only time she addresses the poet directly is when her class have gone to a lunch break. Lunch in the hall? Do hang about. Unfortunately I have to dash. Tracey will show you out. This quote suggests several things, the first being that she has invited the guest to stay for lunch, yet she tells her that Tracey will escort her out of the building, as if to say that she must now leave that the lesson has finished, most probably because she does not want to spend any more time necessary than someone who is more successful than her. The choice of the name Tracey suggests that Carol Ann Duffy is laughing at the suggestions of vulgarity that the name unfairly kindles. Carol Ann Duffy tries to give the impression that the teacher focused on in Head of English is in an illusion of grandeur.

Free Essays on Fishing For Life

Fishing for Life Raymond Carver’s short story â€Å"The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off† is a great insight into what materialistic values can do to a person. Carver uses a little boy’s explanation of the third thing that killed his father to tell about the life of another gentleman. This gentleman goes from a place of constant put-downs, to a state of mind where he’s in charge, then to a tragic death. According to the narrator, this man’s name is Dummy, at least that’s what everyone calls him. Dummy works as a cleanup man at the Cascade Lumber Company in Yakima, Washington. He is a short, wrinkly, baldheaded man with a mouth full of rotting teeth. He suffers from a personal handicap. He is not deaf, but he can’t talk. He is only capable of communicating through body language. He carries tools that he will never use: a flashlight (he works days), screwdrivers, pliers, wrenches, friction tape, and many other things that millwrights carry (but he’s a cleanup man). These things bring on the ridicule from his co-workers. The only one who doesn’t kid him is the narrator’s father. Dummy has a nice house and a wife. Outside his house there is a pond that has formed over the years. Perhaps this is what gives the narrator’s father the idea to bring barrels of bass to the pond. These bass are responsible for changing Dummy’s entire life. He builds a fence around his pasture and an electric one around his pond. He never lets people go over to his house anymore, including the narrator and his father. He even loses interest in his wife. For the first time, he has control over something of importance. It’s as if these fish have given him a sense of self-worth. The winter snow causes the pond to flood and many of the fish wash away. Yet again, Dummy’s life drastically changes. He gradually misses more and more work, which may eventually lead to him getting fired. One morning the narrator’s ... Free Essays on Fishing For Life Free Essays on Fishing For Life Fishing for Life Raymond Carver’s short story â€Å"The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off† is a great insight into what materialistic values can do to a person. Carver uses a little boy’s explanation of the third thing that killed his father to tell about the life of another gentleman. This gentleman goes from a place of constant put-downs, to a state of mind where he’s in charge, then to a tragic death. According to the narrator, this man’s name is Dummy, at least that’s what everyone calls him. Dummy works as a cleanup man at the Cascade Lumber Company in Yakima, Washington. He is a short, wrinkly, baldheaded man with a mouth full of rotting teeth. He suffers from a personal handicap. He is not deaf, but he can’t talk. He is only capable of communicating through body language. He carries tools that he will never use: a flashlight (he works days), screwdrivers, pliers, wrenches, friction tape, and many other things that millwrights carry (but he’s a cleanup man). These things bring on the ridicule from his co-workers. The only one who doesn’t kid him is the narrator’s father. Dummy has a nice house and a wife. Outside his house there is a pond that has formed over the years. Perhaps this is what gives the narrator’s father the idea to bring barrels of bass to the pond. These bass are responsible for changing Dummy’s entire life. He builds a fence around his pasture and an electric one around his pond. He never lets people go over to his house anymore, including the narrator and his father. He even loses interest in his wife. For the first time, he has control over something of importance. It’s as if these fish have given him a sense of self-worth. The winter snow causes the pond to flood and many of the fish wash away. Yet again, Dummy’s life drastically changes. He gradually misses more and more work, which may eventually lead to him getting fired. One morning the narrator’s ...

The world's oceans, should ocean protected area exist Essay

The world's oceans, should ocean protected area exist - Essay Example Marine resources are so much important for the humans as â€Å"97 % of all the water on the Earth is in the oceans† (Yang) and because â€Å"71% of Earth’s surface† (Woods Hole Oceanographic) is covered by oceans. Stabilizing climate temperatures, exchanging of climate gases, and increasing biodiversity are parts of benefits that the ocean yields us. Similarly, ocean produces half of the oxygen that the humans breathe and offers a great environmental condition that keeps organisms alive and growing. As Langreth has rightly pointed out ocean offers shelter to an estimated â€Å"five million species, most of which have not yet been classified† (Langreth). However, man’s indiscriminate actions such as dumping waste materials, oils, overfishing, and noise pollutions pose great threat to the marine life in oceans. It is imperative that man protects and conserves marine life through such radical measures as the marine protected areas. It can thus be seen that implementation of marine protected areas can offer the best solution for the uncontrolled overfishing and overexploitation of marine life. In 2010 a decade-long international survey of ocean life showed that overfishing caused the disappearance of 90% of the big fishes from the oceans including the largest animal on the planet- the blue whale. More than one million species are living in ocean and they are primarily the victims of overfishing. Certain species such as bluefin tuna have already been destroyed or disappeared from the ocean. While overfishing has led to the disappearance of tens of thousands of bluefin tuna across the seas of Northern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s it has contributed to the vanishing of Halibut from the North Atlantic during the 19th century (Overfished and under-protected: Oceans on the brink of catastrophic collapse). Similarly, trawling towards is one of the methods for fishing and it is really harmful to the ocean. Bottom-trawling which involves

Investigate whether some vocabulary learning strategies are superior Outline

Investigate whether some vocabulary learning strategies are superior to other - Outline Example Environmental factors may involve the host culture and output opportunities. Therefore, the effectiveness of the diverse strategies of learning vocabularies is dependent on the factors. There is no superior strategy of learning vocabularies in a second language because they depend on the personal, task and environmental factors. There have been diverse sets of professionals who take interest in the strategies of learning vocabulary of a second language. The professionals who conducted research under the subject entailed linguists, psychologists, sociologists, and language teachers (Meara,109, 1997). In their studies they established outstanding facts in regard to the strategies of vocabulary attainment. Studies show that there are diverse strategies of vocabulary attainment in a second language. The diverse strategies of vocabulary attainment in a second language entail dictionary use, guessing, and rote rehearsal (Cohen, 76, 2001). A learner may use either strategy for the maximization of new vocabulary in a second language. Guessing as a strategy towards vocabulary attainment in a second language is common in learning processes (McCarthy, 102, 1990). The first language is majorly developed through multiple exposures to vocabularies. It does not develop as a result of direct instruction (Ellis, 125, 1997). Therefore, second language development would as well follow the trial and error approach. Depending on personal factors such as prior familiarity and generality, this would be an ideal strategy (Wenden, 578, 1987). Self-efficacy as a personal factor would enhance this strategy (Flavell, 910, 1979). Simplicity of the language as a task factor would as well enhance the learning process. Therefore, an individual lacking the factors would not qualify this as an ideal strategy of vocabulary attainment. Dictionary use and rote rehearsal would as well be effective dependent of the personal, environmental and task factors (McCarthy, 104, 1990). Personal

Art, science, and imagination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Art, science, and imagination - Essay Example The writer succeeded in explaining art as a mortal discipline, which has changed in form from the past to now, but still holds the main ideas. Though the author has sidelined science to a larger extent in his book, I totally agree with the author in some instances. He claims that the impulse of painting neither comes from observation nor painting, but rather an encounter in life. An artist needs to create an impression on their mind in order to compose their work (Janson, H. and Janson, A. 23). That impression, once created, can be interpreted and put down on paper. What forms an artist is the ability to create something from nothing. On a creative twist of events, the author brings-up the idea of collaboration between the painter and their work. In essence, collaboration designates mutual understanding of artists on the nature of his work and the intended purpose (Janson, H. and Janson, A. 23). The essay, to summarize it all, is cleverly architected as I felt that the writers presented a sharp view on artistry and how to develop it. Even though, it exhibits a number of weaknesses the essay is comprehensive and expresses c lear opinions. The Bird and Poet: the Hunter and the Poet is a poem written by Edward. O. Wilson (Janson, H. and Janson, A. 34). Unlike Berger, Wilson has touched on both art and science comprehensive. His poem is extremely interesting, and from a critical point of view, I felt that the poem opposes crucial points read in John Berger’s writing. Edward strongly asserts that art and science must exist coherently. According to the Edward, science cannot exist without art, and art can exist without science. This was prevalent in his poem as he examined numerous analogies in art and science such as the aspect of creativity. Edward demystifies a claim by John Berger that art is all about being receptive. Being receptive means to appreciate nature and developing a distinctive likeness to

Cultural Tourism in Egypt: An analysis

Cultural Tourism in Egypt: An analysis Introduction Cultural tourism can be considered the most fascinating type of sightseeing as it is the witnessing of the real elements which have contributed in making a country the way it is in the present day. It gives the newcomers to a country an opportunity to have a profound insight of the true nexus of the nation which consists of its heritage, traditions, history and the relics and buildings which are the living reminders of that country’s forefathers and their deeds. Experiencing a country’s heritage is a unique experience in itself and a tourist is bound to get a completely new and interesting perspective if their tour is planned in a way which includes the visiting of attractions and places which reflect culture and values of the inhabitants rather than the usual trips to the best shopping malls. Apart from the entertainment factor, cultural tourism can serve as an extremely informative eye opener for a tourist as they encounter indigenous people with customs and lifestyles that were beyond their imagination before and come across strange and amazing architecture which seems impossible to be formed out of human hands. Cultural tourism makes one realize the grandeur and diversity of the world and develops a stronger appreciation of their own traditions and ethnicity and the fact that how important they are in order to define one’s true roots. Moving on from the individual development factor of cultural tourism it is also very beneficial for the development of a country’s economy too. In the recent years it has become an increasingly popular sector in tourism industry throughout the world and countries are financially strengthened by it. It helps create more employment opportunities, promotion and advancement of the local industries, an increase in the overall income of the country and provides the resources to maintain and protect the traditional and historical treasures of the country (Ibrahim, 2011). Cultural Tourism in Egypt Egyptians are a very ancient and culturally rich civilization and demonstrates it proudly through the astounding architecture, relics and artifacts that are dotted all over the country. The country has gone through various eras of cultural evolution as it passed from one set of administrators to another starting from the rule of Pharaohs to Greco-Roman period in 332 B.C to the byzantine period and ultimately the Islamic conquest of Egypt in A.D 624. This makes Egypt an ideal place for cultural tourism as it has no end of attractions and history for the tourists to enjoy and the traditions of its people are still a living breathing reality which is waiting to be unearthed and experienced. To classify the expansive amount of tourist attractions in Egypt it would be appropriate to narrow them down to two categories: tangible assets and intangible assets. Classification of the Tourist Assets Tangible Assets Tangible assets are, as apparent from the term tangible, those assets which one can be â€Å"touched† or to put it more appropriately, physically exist. When speaking of the physical assets of Egypt’s tourist attractions that would include the historical buildings, ruins, museums, religious structures, ancient cities, opera houses and the typical traditional markets or bazaars that are still held in the exact same way that they have been since thousands of years in the past. The mighty pyramids of Giza, Valley of the Kings, temples and mosques, the Sphinx and Abu Simbel are renowned symbols of Egypt’s history. The ancient cities including Alexandria and Thebes are bursting with sites like the underground library of Alexandria, temple of the sun god Amun Ra, sanctuaries of Karnak, Museum of Egyptian antiquities and much more. Millions of tourists are frequent visitors to these sites each year for both entertainment and academic purposes and this makes these ancient relics the most valuable asset of the tourism industry of the country. Intangible Assets These are the exact opposite of tangible assets. Though these assets do not have a physical form they still play an important role in influencing the cultural promotion of the country. The intangible assets of Egypt are its traditions, rituals, centuries old religious beliefs and the knowledge and skills of its people. Egyptian traditions are a mixture of Arabian, Turkish and European countries as the forefathers of the civilization belonged or had travelled to different places around the world and brought back several beliefs and practices with them. But mainly the country is embedded in the rich and colorful culture of Middle East due to its geographical location (Jansen-Verbeke et al, 2010). The native tongue is Arabic and only six percent of the population are followers of Christianity while the majority is of Muslims. It is interesting for tourists to explore the festivities and ceremonies, taste the traditional foods, admire the vibrant patterns that are common in clothing in the Arabic world and purchase the extremely beautiful and intricately designed handicrafts which are available in the local bazaars. These are all the intangible assets of Egypt’s tourism industry because the visitors are attracted by them and eager to observe and personally experience these activities or to buy these artifacts, which is profitable to the native public and on a larger scale is financially advantageous for the country. Attractions There is an abundance of historical places and culturally relevant places in Egypt and it is extremely difficult to just select a few for description here as each attraction has a more fascinating background than the last. However as it is necessary to limit the number of attractions that need to be mentioned, the chosen few which are being presented will be the most popular and worth experiencing and seeing when touring the country. The pyramids of Giza: The awe inspiring conical resting places of the ancient kings are something which is inseparable from the concept of Egypt. It used to be one of the Seven Wonders of the World and was finished building around 2560 BC by the Pharaoh Khufu. Situated outside Cairo the three largest pyramids belong to the Pharaohs Menkaure, Khafu and Khafre the father, son and grandson. These are surrounded by smaller tombs of their female family members and the mastabas or trapezoid shaped tombs of other relatives. The impressive and terrifying figure of the Sphinx is also a part of this collection which poses as guard to the entrance of the pyramid of Khafre. Temple of Luxor: The beautiful temple is erected close to the banks of the mighty River Nile and stands in the midst of modern architecture of the city of Luxor. The temple of Luxor was built in about 1400 BC when Rameses II and Amenhotep III ruled and was in dedication to the gods Khonsu and Amun Ra and the godess Mut. During the period of its prime the temple was the location where the Opet or late summer festival was celebrated. An annual banquet was held in which there was a large procession of religious priests who brought in the ceremonial representation of the God Amun Ra on a boat across the Nile and the god was then supposed to be reunited each year with the goddess Mut.The temple is excessively enormous in size and has several huge monumental entrance ways that are approximately seventy yards long and are flanked by obelisks and humongous statues. The mosque of Ahmed Ibn Tulun The Ibn Tulun is an expansive and beautiful structure. The mosque was built in 879 AD by Ahmed Ibn Tulun the founder of the Tulunid Empire of Egypt. The mosque was created out of mud bricks and occupies about 304,812 square feet of land. It comes third on this list of world’s largest mosques. It is also one of the most ancient mosques in Egypt which is still in its original shape after all the years. An enclosure surrounds the mosque from three sides and there are also little courtyards that are called ziyadas which were created for the purpose of providing privacy and to separate the sacred worshipping space from the world outside. These are bordered by tall archways and broad pillars that are decorated by elaborately carved motifs. The mosque’s minaret is a thing of beauty itself and features a spiral staircase and has three floors each of which are of different shapes. The library of Alexandria: The building of the library is itself not a marvel built by ancient Egypt architects as it is structure that was erected in modern times but that does not lower its importance as a historical tourist spot as it houses the most classical antique volumes which range back to the third century and were originally maintained and managed by the Ptolemy family. It is considered the most expansive and complete library of its era and the collections consist of more than seventy thousand scrolls. The library has performed the role of being the sourceof information for the great philosophical thinkers and literary individuals who have helped shaping the whole world. The library of Alexandria is the precise spot where the circumference of planet earth was measured by Eratosthenes, the Julian Calendar was designed by the help of Julias Caesar and the theories of geometry were established by Euclid. The original building of the library was destroyed during the Civil War that happened in the third century. The government had a new structure built in 2002 close to the site which was occupied by the old library building. The present day Bibliotheca Alexandria has eleven cascading floors and an Egyptian antiques museum is situated in its basement. Evaluation of the Attractions The pyramids of Giza are a legendary landmark of Egypt and emanate the true culture of the country and how it survived the tyrannical reign of the pharaohs who although were promoters of great architecture and aesthetic values but all at the expense of their subjects and the poverty stricken slave society. The pyramids are the one of the major tourist attractions of Egypt and draw millions of tourists each year. They are usually included in the main sightseeing points that are sure to be visited by tourists when travelling through Egypt (Ibrahim, 2011) . Revenue gained from tourism (De Lapp, 2011) However the thing that is disappointing to most tourists is that there are certain very strict rules upon visiting the pyramids. The large pyramids are completely closed for tours commonly and at times when they are open the visitor count is limited to only 150. The best way to buy a ticket without any hassle is to get it during early morning. Also the pyramids can prove very difficult to climb once the visitors are inside. These problems need to be maintained and efficiently managed in order to raise even higher the amount of tourists that come to see the site. Luxor as a city which has both modern and historical architectures is also magnet for both kinds of tourists, the ones who are more interested in visiting the present day malls and entertainment centers and the ones who are most interested in viewing the ancient side of the city and relishing in the glory of its past (De Lapp, 2011). The mosque is also among the favorite of tourists who want to be culturally informed as it reflects the ancient history of the Islamic empire and the artistic minds of the ancient architects which built the mosque so innovatively and according to an organized and well managed plan. The Library of Alexandria does not lose its charm either even if it is a relatively new building because underneath its roof is the hub of all the culture, belief and evolution of the Egyptian civilization in the form of its millions of dusty volumes and scrolls (De Lapp, 2011). All these attractions and more are what make up the cultural tourism industry of Egypt. Currently cultural tourism represents almost 30 percent of the Egyptian GDP and nineteen percent of Egypt’s total revenue gained from foreign currency. (De Lapp, 2011) Conclusion Cultural tourism is an important sector relating to the economical growth of Egypt and has an influential role in the increase of employment, heritage preservation and strengthening the financial background of the country. Due to these factors the ministry of tourism has formed a plan to broaden the capacity of the local tourism industry and to become competitive on a global level in order to increase its shares in the global market and to attract even more tourists to Egyptian cultural heritage. Egypt is already a country steeped with history and diversifying cultures and there will always be room and scope for newer innovations regarding tourism and tourist attraction. Its vast number of attractions can be improved and managed better in order to continue drawing more tourists each year. References DeLapp, K. M. (2011). Ancient Egypt as Europes Intimate Stranger.At the Interface/Probing the Boundaries,77. http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/delapppaper.pdf Ibrahim, M. A. (2011). The determinants of international tourism demand for Egypt: panel data evidence.European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences,30, 50-58. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/220159244_The_Determinants_of_International_Tourism_Demand_for_Egypt/file/8d1c84f871201514f5.pdf Ibrahim, Z. (2009). Tourism development and the environment on the Egyptian red sea coast https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/4268/Ibrahim_Zainub.pdf?sequence=1 Jansen-Verbeke, M., McKercher, B. (2010). 15 The tourism destiny of World Heritage cultural sites.Edited by Douglas G. Pearce and Richard W. Butler, 190. http://macbride.org.uk/Goodfellow/archive/202027May.pdf#page=202

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes :: Health Medicine Essays

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes ******REMINDER****** The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources" section of this report. Insulin-dependent Diabetes is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough insulin and is, therefore, unable to convert nutrients into the energy necessary for daily activity. The disorder affects females and males approximately equally. Although the causes of insulin- dependent diabetes are not known, genetic factors seem to play a role. Normally, sugars and starches (carbohydrates) in the foods we eat are processed by digestive juices into glucose. Glucose circulates in the blood as a major energy source for body functions. Its use is regulated primarily by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas gland (located behind the stomach). In the person with diabetes, there is a malfunction in the production of insulin. There are two main types of diabetes: Type I or Insulin-Dependent and Type II or Noninsulin- Dependent. The insulin-dependent type of diabetes generally has onset during childhood or adolescence, though it can occur at any age. Because the pancreas supplies little or no insulin in this disease, daily injections of the hormone and a controlled diet are necessary to regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin is generally effective in preventing glucose buildup, but it is a treatment and not a cure for diabetes. The onset of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes begins with frequent urination, extreme thirst, constant hunger, and unexplained weight loss. Because people with Type I Diabetes lack sufficient insulin, glucose accumulates in the blood to levels too high for the kidneys to excrete. In an effort to remove the excess sugar, the kidneys excrete

Highway traffic operations Essay

Introduction Highway traffic operations are influenced by the behavior of drivers. A highway can be used by a finite number of vehicles, and the driver perceived safe distances between vehicles determine this limit. For a given speed, as distances become shorter, more vehicles can use the highway. Both the volume of drivers choosing to use the highway (demand) and the maximum volume that can be served (supply) depend on driver behavior. Congestion results from too many people attempting to reach their destinations at the same time using the same highways. The combination of demand, capacity, and certain infrastructure features (traffic control devices) determines how drivers perceive the traffic conditions. Transportation agencies strive for economical solutions to congestion that satisfy a majority of highway users. A traffic signal installation is a power-operated device which informs motorists or pedestrians when they have the right of way at a particular intersection. The first traffic signal was installed in London in 1868 and used semaphore ‘arms’ together with red and green gas lamps. Unfortunately, it exploded, putting an end to this sort of control for 50 years. However, in 1918 the first three colored light signals were installed in New York and in 1925 they started to be used in Great Britain. At the beginning of the 1930’s an attempt at making the signals more `intelligent’, or vehicle responsive, was tried in America, using microphones at the side of the road, requiring drivers to sound their horns. This was obviously not too popular and the first traffic detectors – electrical and pneumatic were invented. Traffic signals are now used throughout the world, using the three light signals of Green, red and amber. Also, by convention, these are normally arranged vertically with the red signal at the top and the green light at the bottom. This also helps people who are colour blind – both drivers and pedestrians to identify the differences between the lights. Traffic signals are used at intersections to reduce conflicts to a minimum by time sharing of right of way. This actually reduces the capacity of the intersection, but greatly enhances safety. Conflicts at intersections shows the potential conflict points at the junction of two roads, both with two way traffic flows, at which all crossing and merging movements are permitted. With the provision of traffic signal control the number of potential conflicts can be reduced from 64 to zero. There is no doubt that signals are one of the most powerful tools for urban traffic control available to city authorities and their correct installation can improve both traffic flow and the safety of all road users. In comparison to other traffic improvements, signals are also relatively low capital intensive and in recent years the advancement in informatics and telecommunications has led to a new generation of low cost controllers and systems that have made modern signaling an even more attractive and powerful tool. Essentially, traffic signals form part of the â€Å"software† of a city as opposed to the roads and bridges that are part of it’s â€Å"hardware†. As such they have the advantage of being cheap and often the disadvantage of being so cheap that no local lobby is interested in them, especially when city mayors fail to see the  political advantages in changing an old signal for a new one. It is thus part of the traffic engineer’s task to prove to city authorities that a modern and well designed traffic signal system will bring real and visible benefits to the city. Conflict points at an intersection. HYPOTHESIS Traffic control devices contribute a great deal to accidents that occur in Zambia. GOAL: To Contribute to Reducing the occurrence of accidents in Zambia OBJECTIVES: To improve on the standard of traffic control devices and installations. FINDINGS 1- For each site where traffic signals are being contemplated, it has been discovered that normally adequate data on the traffic flows at the junction is not sufficiently collected. What has been discovered is that the local authority in most cases they do not carry out traffic count surveys as the result, they end up installing traffic lights where they are not needed. Look at figure 1, traffic lights have been introduced at the curve. They could have been placed at more convenient site to avoid accidents with vehicles that may lose breaks and at the same time file to negotiate. 2- Traffic counts are likely to be divided into two types all day counts (normally during 16 hours of a work day) usually mid block on key roads, with the objective of defining the duration of the peak periods and general vehicle composition; and, specific junction counts carried out with the objective of providing the data for evaluation and design of the junctions. Due to not considering conducting traffic surveys the objective is not clearly known hence it was discovered that most of the junctions that houses traffic devices, do not have what is referred to as† BELL MOUTH† to allow safely turning of vehicles, lack of the bell mouth has really resulted into accidents which could have been avoided at design stage. 3- The counts should be made in periods of about 15 minutes, during at least two working days. If the counts are not similar then the counts should be repeated on another working day. A simple 16 hour survey form could look like Specific junction counts are aimed at providing the data for detailed evaluation and design. This has been in most cases overlooked. In line with the same, it was discovered that where the Local Authority ought to provide a road reserve which in most cases have been given out as plots, in some instance the same â€Å"road reserve† can be used for filter lane as the road approaches the junction where traffic devices are installed. Because of that, it was discovered that usually traffic on the sides, would want to find the way out of the unnecessary congestion thereby causing an accident.(see figure 3) 4- Traffic lights not protected. It was discovered that most traffic lights  at the junctions are not secured, they are usually hit by vehicles that have lost breaking system. And again because the Local Authority takes time to repair and replace the affected device, accidents continue to escalate. Traffic lights near chawama pick & pay 5- Sub standard Quality of installation. It was also observed that most of the works are really supervised, hence contractors will normally employ cheap means of achieving the task. 6- Separators towards the junctions (or traffic devices) have been least attended to e.g the one before arcades coming from chelston (unza), many lives have been lost. Other one is the Kerb separator in Ndola along Blantyre avenue as one approaches the traffic lights at Shoprite in town centre , equally, it has not been attended to Last and not the least is the stud separator in Chingola just before Total filling station along Kabundi Road just after Musonko House approximately 250m before traffic lights,this equally is not in good shape hence contributes to accidents that occur at traffic lights. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS For each site where traffic signals are being contemplated it is fundamental to obtain adequate data on the traffic flows at the junction. Normally, surveys should be carried out during the peak hour periods. However, it may be important to have a broad view of the flows in the city throughout a normal working day, especially when Area Traffic Control or linked signaling are being considered, below is the suggested form to be used when carrying out traffic count There is need to construct what may referred to as† BELL MOUTH† to allow safely turning of vehicles, lack of the bell mouth has really resulted into  accidents which could have been avoided at design stage. There is need to protect Traffic lights by introducing steel barriers around the traffic lights, at least 3000mm away from the pole that is carrying traffic light. We cannot bargain with life and so, for the installation of traffic device, there is need for the Government for now to have one project â€Å"Design & install†. This project should be given to a deserving company which should be able to carry out installations and give guarantee in relation to : – (1) Quality,(2)level of accidents. There is need to have highly qualified personnel in Local Authorities so that Quality of work which involves :- installation of traffic lights,separators and generally all road furniture can be attained. This sign and the kerbing segregate vulnerable road users and slow local traffic from higher speed through traffic. Pedestrians clearly feel safe in the segregated lane. There is need for the Local Authority to work in collaboration with RDA. Certain works that are of low standard in towns is due to lack of supervision of the contractor by RDA and Local Authority. Attached as appendices(Apendix A & B ) are the monitoring and evaluation form which can be used for supervision of projects. There is need for the supervising Authority to come up with a Logic Framework which should critically bring out: – Goals, Objectives, measurable indicators, means of verifications and important assumptions.(see below Logic framework) Logic Framework Narrative Summary Measurable indicator Means of verification Important Assumptions Goal-To improve the standard of traffic devices Objectives 1. To have a nation with minimal accidents from the current 80% to 5% by 2020 2. Improve on the functional traffic control devices from the current 40% to 100% by 2020 3. To improve the availability of essential traffic control devices from the current 30% to 100% by 2016 1. % of personnel involved in road accident reduced. 2. % of functional traffic control devices increased. 3. % of essential traffic control devices increased 1. Recorded number of accident in a particular period , taking in consideration the traffic devices 2. Inventory or asset register/and physical check. 3. Stock records of the essential traffic control device. Government commitment, Management will(RDA & Local Authorities) and Commitment, Constant flow of funds from donors Govt commitment to release funds on time  unnecessary. To avoid this problem it is essential that the engineer or traffic department has a clear set of warrants to justify the use of signals. If possible, these warrants should be approved by the local government bodies (elected and executive) so that requests for signals on sites that do not need them can be refused according to pre-discussed rules and not just on the personalized decision of the head of the traffic department. Traffic signals may be justified if, usually two, of the following criteria are present where there is a minimum major-street/minor-street conflicting vehicle volume where there may be need to interrupt continuous flow on the major road to allow traffic to exit from the minor road without excessive delay where a minimum pedestrian volume conflicts with a minimum vehicle volume where a schoolchildren crossing is present where there is a need to maintain progressive movement of vehicles along an otherwise signaled route; and where there is a record of accidents of the type which could be reduced by the use of traffic signals. A rough and ready set of warrants might be: Traffic flows – when there is a minimum of 1000 pcu’s per hour entering the  junction during the peak hours. visibility – when drivers on the minor road have poor visibility for judging gaps. accidents – when three or more accidents (collisions or pedestrians) are registered per year. Figure 2, for example, shows the relationship between major-road/minor-road flows and the type of control recommended at a junction in the UK. For a major road flow of 20,000 pcu’s per day and a minor road flow of 6,000, a roundabout would be a good solution for eliminating the  conflicting traffic movements – if space were available. If, however, the junction is in a built-up area, then traffic signals probably represent the best solution. It should be stressed, however, Monitoring and Evaluation Form appendix â€Å"A† STRATEGIC Objective 1: Local Authority /RDA Intermediate Objective: Activities/Resources Indicators Sources of Data and Collection Methods Frequency of Data Collection Responsible Person(s) & Team Outputs Key Outputs Key Outcomes Definition of Key Outcome Indicators 1) Illustrative Timeline appendix â€Å"B† Activities to Assess Year One Year Two Year Three First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter First Quarter Second Quarter REFERENCES 1. UNIVERSITY OF AFRICA- Road Structure and Traffic Control Device module – 2013 (extract from Road maintenance Hand Book Volume iv). 2. BENT THAGESEN : Highway and traffic engineering in developing countries 3. Cannell, A. E. R. and Kaestner, C. Some Aspects of Area Traffic Control in Semi-Developed Countries. 4. Traffic engineering acrd Control. 1983. Companhia de Engenharia de Transito -CET. 5. Department of Transport. Junction Layout for Control by Traffic Signals. Highway, Safety and Traffic Advice Note TA 6. Gardner, G, Fouracre, P.R. and Jacobs, G.D. Traffic Management. 7. SCOOT: Traffic Responsive Method of Coordinating Signals. TRRL Report 1014. Transport and Road Research 8. Willumsen, L.G. and Coeymans, J.E. Research into the Value of Area Traffic Control Techniques in a Developing Country.

Minority Representation

There are a number of places where the rationale behind having minority representation in any legislative or judicial sitting is asked for. There are a number of reasons why this could be mad important and essential for the betterment of the society and this is why the activity is usually practiced by several countries. Minority is defined in a number of ways. â€Å"The definition of a minority group can vary, depending on specific context, but generally refers to either a sub-group that does not form either a majority or a plurality of the total population, or a group that, while not necessarily a numerical minority, is disadvantaged or otherwise has less power (whether political or economic) than a dominant group.† (Wikipedia, 2007[1]) Minority representation is an important part of any legal formation because there are a number of countries that practice this. â€Å"Minority party is a term describing the party in a legislature that does not hold a majority. In the United States Congress, it is led by the minority leader. (Wikipedia, 2007[2]) The United States of America is known for having a minority party within its congress and any other legal formation because the minority party would then carry the interests of the minority group and they would help the issues that are faced by such people top be brought out into the open to the majority of the country. The majority party would not always be the one to stress upon a certain point or a event that should be achieved but rather there must be a few people who must work with the majority in order to explain them the benefits and the harm that may be faced by the people if such a thing takes place. The minority must be allowed to speak up on any important account because then their interests must also be heard and so that the minority groups are ensured not be suppressed over the other groups that are in majority. However, in a few countries, there are minority parties that are not provided all the representation that they need such as â€Å"The Minority Party (Minoritetspartiet) is a political party in Denmark without parliamentary representation.† (Wikipedia, 2007[3]) Such countries do not allow the voice of the minorities to be heard. Of course, there can be a rationale provided that not all minority parties can be provided with representation; else the place for the majority parties would reduce. Hence, there could be a system where only those minority parties that are deemed important in the legislation or another group must be invited. Who must decide the importance of the groups is a major issue because there could be a number of riots and arguments about the decisions that will be taken. Hence, there must be a way for the government of the authority to ensure that the parties needed are not left out. This is a great responsibility to ensure that the minorities are also allowed to take part in several groups and discussions for the betterment of the country so that in case there is a point or piece of fact that the majority groups are forgetting to analyze, the minority group could think about it and let them know. The minority group will not be a burden on the groups or discussions but rather could be a means to establishing a better society and a country that is acceptable to all and that there are no riots or demonstrations against what the citizens have to say against the government for the decisions that have been taken. References Wikipedia. (2007). Minority. Retrieved on February 7, 2007 from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority Wikipedia. (2007). Minority Party. Retrieved on February 7, 2007 from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_party [1] Wikipedia. (2007). Minority. Retrieved on February 7, 2007 from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority   [2] Wikipedia. (2007). Minority Party. Retrieved on February 7, 2007 from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_party [3] Wikipedia. (2007). Minority Party. Retrieved on February 7, 2007 from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_party

Where and Whence

Where and Whence Where and Whence Where and Whence By Maeve Maddox A few years ago a TV special aired with the title The From Whence We Came Awards. I dont recall what the awards were for. I just remember reacting to the use of from with the word whence. Whence is not synonymous with where. Whence means from what place/source/origin. Examples: The wealthy man never forgot the poverty whence he came. A stranger appeared in our midst. We know not whence he came. Whence came these caterpillars? Clearly, the use of whence in modern English is extremely limited. If you choose to use it, remember that the from is built in. Where has the meaning at what place or in what place. Unnecessary prepositions also show up with where. One often hears Wheres he at? and Whered he go to? instead of the more grammatical Where is he? and Where did he go? The unnecessary to is not as frequent as the added at. Perhaps the contraction of where is into wheres accounts for the speakers need to add the unnecessary at for balance. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?3 Types of Headings10 Types of Hyphenation Errors

Trade Union Density Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Trade Union Density - Assignment Example The main factors such as economic, social and political are examined in detail in relation to their effects on the trade union in UK. One of the underlying aspect of the trade union movement in UK has been the economic bargaining power of the combined unit of employees against the perceived unjust behavior of the capitalist class, which has been a key contentious issues within the labor union movement. This essay also examines issues of the future of the trade union, and the ways in which the future trade unions will behave and formulate their strategic direction in a global economy. One of the key conclusions of this research is that the although new technologies will present a threat to the trade union movement in UK, however the need for a fair system of checks and balances will be needed, and the role of the trade union in the industrial relations systems in UK will be increased. ... However, the industrial relations in UK have not always been highly regulated, as the owners of factories and business used their influence to exploit the working class (Karnes, 2009, Fishman, 2005). The industrial revolution in UK has a huge effect on the working class, as the population was then required to work on the shop floors and factories, rather than on farms (Williams, 1997, Williams and Adam-Smith, 2009). Within this new environment, there was a rapid rise in the number of employees who has to proceed from medieval guilds of Europe to the modern trade union system, and saw the rise of the modern trade union in UK (Rose, 2008) 2 Factors Influencing Changes in Union Member Ship The first formation of the trade Union in UK was in 1987, by the royal commission, which was based on the notion of giving employees and employers equal benefits from this structure (Williams and Adam-Smith, 2009). The trade unions worked as employee committees, which worked to improve the socio-econo mic conditions of the employees, and formed the basis of the Labor party (Williams and Adam-Smith, 2009). The era of Margret Thatcher saw the powers of these trade unions being decreased, as the then prime minister worked to make strikes illegal. It was in this era that the trade union suffered, and number of members in the trade union started to fall in 1980 and 1990s, as employees saw other routes to get their grievances solved by the employer (Fishman, 2005, Laybourne, 1997, Wallis et al., 2005, Williams and Adam-Smith, 2009). This rise and fall in the last 40 years has been due to a number of factors, which have been characterized as economic, political

Hazardous Waste and International Environmental Policy Essay

Hazardous Waste and International Environmental Policy - Essay Example Large amounts of the world’s harmful wastes generated by the world’s industrialized market economies are exported to less developed countries in Asia and Africa. The big question here is; how can domestic policy address the issue of e-waste? Are there ratifications put in place to stop this menace? This paper focuses on the possibility of the enacted legislations to stop hazardous waste disposals in developing countries. As a matter of fact, the non developed countries remain vulnerable to disposal of the hazardous e-waste since they lack a ratified policy to stop dumping of wastes in their land. As this disposal continues human health is at a great risk of it being compromised. The issue of health has raised attention compelling developing states to enact laws and regulations governing e-waste disposal. This is a positive trend that puts into check waste disposal. It is however worth noting that the regulations formulated only apply to the states in question and does n ot touch on the exporting countries where the waste originates from in fact some key producers of e-waste are reluctant to ratification plans designed to reduce these wastes. The result of lack of law enforcement on e-waste in poor and developing countries pose a major danger to human health and its environment. Poor countries need to come up with domestic policies that does not only govern internal waste disposal but also imported e-waste. In addition, poor countries need to unite and formulate an international policy that will govern importation of e-waste from developed countries. At individual level, people should learn basic concepts of recycling as this will reduce intoxication of lands and its resources. However, this may not completely stop e-waste disposal. It is further complicated because of the large volumes of wastes produced caused by the ever changing