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Free Research Paper Example EssayI. INTEGRATED SCIENCE(Interaction Environment and organism)II. COURSE PAPER CASE STUDY bacterium constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first intent forms to appear onEarth, and are present in close habitats on the planet, growing in soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and deep in the Earths crust, as easy as in organic matter and the live bodies of plants and animals, providing outstanding examples of mutualism in the digestive tracts of humans, termites and cockroaches. On February 6, 2013, scientists reported that bacteria were found living in the cold and dark in a lake buried a half-mile deep under the ice in Antarctica. There are typically 40 zillion bacterial cellphones in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water in all, in t hat respect are approximately five nonillion (51030) bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass that exceeds that of all plants and animals.Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many steps in nutrient cycles depending on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere andputrefaction. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to let life by converting dissolved compounds such as hydrogen sulphide and methane. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the phyla of bacteria have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch ofmicrobiology. Most bacteria secrete a covering for themselves which we call a cell wall, However, bacterial cell walls are a totally different thing than the cell walls we talk about plants having. bacterial cell walls do NOT contain cellulose like plant cell walls do. Bacterial cell wa lls are made mostly of a chemical called peptidoglycan (made of polypeptides bonded to change sugars), save the amount and location of the peptidoglycan are different in the two possible types of cell walls, depending on the species of bacterium.Some antibiotics, like penicillin, inhibit the formation of the chemical cross link festers needed to make peptidoglycan. These antibiotics dont outright kill the bacteria, but just stop them from being able to make more cell wall so they can grow. Thats why antibiotics must typically be taken for ten days until the bacteria, unable to grow, die of old age. If a person stops taking the antibiotic sooner, any living bacteria could start making peptidoglycan, grow, and reproduce. Bacteria were the most prominent creatures in the wee stages of lifes history almost 4000 million years until 600 million years ago. Fossils called stromatolites can still be found and were made by Cyanobacteria.III. SOURCE/REFERENCES* http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Bacteria* http//biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/bacteria.htm* http//bacteriamuseum.org/cms/Bacteria/what-are-bacteria.html * http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/bacdr.html * http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/bacdr.htmlIV. CONTENTA. BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE CASEendogenic endophthalmitis is a potentially blinding ocular infection resulting from hematogenous shell out from a remote primary source. The condition is relatively rare but may become more common as the number of chronically adynamic patients and the use of invasive procedures increase. Many etiologic organisms (gram-positive, gram-negative and fungal) have been reported to cause endogenous endophthalmitis. Risk factors are well defined and include most reasons for immune suppression. A high clinical suspicion is needed for early diagnosis and treatment. Early intravenous antibiotic therapy remains the co rnerstone of treatment. The roles of intravitreal antibiotics and vitrectomy are evolving and may become more widely accepted as therapeutic modalities.The authors report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis and provide a brief review of the literature. Endogenous endophthalmitis is defined as an intraocular infection resulting from hematogenous bacterial spread. It is relatively rare, accounting for 2 to 8 percent of all cases of endophthalmitis, and is associated with immunocompromised states, debilitating diseases and invasive procedures.1 Because of the rapid realize of medical technology, a longer life span of patients with chronic diseases and a rising prevalence of long-term intravenous access, the disease may become more common in clinical practice. It is important that the family physician be aware of endogenous endophthalmitis because early diagnosis and prompt aggressive treatment are exigent if vision loss is to be avoided.B. POINT OF VIEWBanana bacterial (Xanthomonas) wilt, first detected in Uganda in 2001, has since spread rapidly. Approximately one triplet of Ugandas banana growing land is now affected by the disease, which renders fruit inedible and ultimately kills the plant. The Ugandan government has been praised for its promptness in attempting to control the spread, but despite these exertions, and the encouraging success of control in some areas, the risk of further spread, both within and beyond Uganda, remains. Strengthening and refining the control effort is now clearly essential, but how should this be done, where are the research priorities, and what action should be taken by Ugandas neighbours? In July this year an expert consultation of elder stakeholders from policy, research and disease control, was convened at the UKs Central Science Laboratory near York. They offered New Agriculturist their points of view on the current status of the disease and the shipway forward for control.

Internet Addiction Essay Example for Free

meshwork Addiction EssayAbstractProblematic com prepareer practise is a growth social issue which is being debated worldwide. cyberspace Addiction Disorder (IAD) ruins lives by causing neurological complications, psychological disturbances, and social problems. Surveys in the United States and Europe bedevil indicated alarming prevalence rates between 1.5 and 8.2% 1. There are several reviews addressing the definition, classification, assessment, epidemiology, and co-morbidity of IAD 2-5, and whatsoever reviews 6-8 addressing the discussion of IAD. The stick of this paper is to offend a preferably abbreviated overview of question on IAD and theoretical considerations from a practical perspective based on years of day by day work with clients suffering from net profit addiction. Furthermore, with this paper we cerebrate to bring in practical experience in the debate virtually the eventual inclusion of IAD in the coterminous version of the Diagnostic and Statistica l manual of arms of Mental Disorders (DSM).Problematic computer occasion is a growing social issue which is being debated worldwide. net income Addiction Disorder (IAD) ruins lives by causing neurological complications, psychological disturbances, and social problems. Surveys in the United States and Europe invite indicated alarming prevalence rates between 1.5 and 8.2% 1. There are several reviews addressing the definition, classification, assessment, epidemiology, and co-morbidity of IAD 2-5, and some reviews 6-8 addressing the intercession of IAD. The aim of this paper is to give a preferably brief overview of research on IAD and theoretical considerations from a practical perspective based on years of daily work with clients suffering from Internet addiction. Furthermore, with this paper we intend to bring in practical experience in the debate about the eventual inclusion of IAD in the next version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Keywords A ddiction, Computer, Internet, reSTART, Treatment.INTRODUCTIONThe idea that problematic computer use meets criteria for an addiction, and therefore should be included in the next iteration of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 4th ed. Text Revision 9 was first proposed by Kimberly Young, PhD in her seminal 1996 paper 10. Sincethat age IAD has been extensively studied and is indeed, currently under consideration for inclusion in the DSM-V 11. Meanwhile, both China and South Korea have identified Internet addiction as a significant public health threat and both countries support education, research and treatment 12. In the United States, despite a growing dust of research, and treatment for the disorder available in out-patient and in-patient settings, there has been no formal governmental response to the issue of Internet addiction. While the debate goes on about whether or not the DSM-V should designate Internet addiction a mental disorder 12-14 people currently suffering from Internet addiction are seeking treatment. Because of our experience we support the cultivation of uniform diagnostic criteria and the inclusion of IAD in the DSM-V 11 in order to advance public education, diagnosis and treatment of this important disorder. categorizationThere is ongoing debate about how best to classify the style which is characterized by many hours worn out(p) in non-work technology-related computer/Internet/video gamey activities 15. It is accompanied by changes in mood, preoccupation with the Internet and digital media, the inability to restrict the amount of conviction spent interfacing with digital technology, the need for more time or a new-sprung(prenominal) game to achieve a desired mood, withdrawal marks when not engaged, and a continuation of the behavior despite family conflict, a fall social bearing and adverse work or academic consequences 2, 16, 17. most researchers and mental health practitioners see excessive Inte rnet use as a symptom of an some other disorder such as anxiety or depression rather than a separate entity e.g. 18.Internet addiction could be considered an propensity nurse disorder (not otherwise specified). Yet there is a growing consensus that this constellation of symptoms is an addiction e.g. 19. The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) recently released a new definition of addiction as a chronic brain disorder, officially proposing for the first time that addiction is not limited to substance use 20. All addictions, whether chemical or behavioral, share certain characteristics including salience, compulsive use (loss of control), mood modification and the alleviation of distress, tolerance and withdrawal, and the continuation despite negative consequences.symptomatic CRITERIA FOR IADThe first serious proposal for diagnostic criteria was advanced in 1996 by Dr. Young, modifying the DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling 10. Since then variations in both name an d criteria have been put forward to capture the problem, which is now most popularly cognise as Internet Addiction Disorder. Problematic Internet Use (PIU) 21, computer addiction, Internet dependency 22, compulsive Internet use, pathological Internet use 23, and many other labels can be make up in the literature. Likewise a conformation of practically overlapping criteria have been proposed and studied, some of which have been validated. However, empirical studies provide an inconsistent set of criteria to define Internet addiction 24. For an overview see Byun et al. 25. Beard 2 recommends that the succeeding(a) quintuplet diagnostic criteria are required for a diagnosis of Internet addiction (1) Is preoccupied with the Internet (thinks about previous online activity or anticipate next online session) (2) Needs to use the Internet with extendd amounts of time in order to achieve satisfaction (3) Has made unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop Internet use (4) Is restless, moody, depressed, or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop Internet use (5) Has stayed online longer than originally intended.Additionally, at least one of the pursuance must be present (6) Has jeopardized or risked the loss of a significant relationship, job, educational or career opportunity because of the Internet (7) Has lied to family members, therapist, or others to hide out the extent of involvement with the Internet (8) Uses the Internet as a way of escaping from problems or of relieving a dysphoric mood (e.g., feelings of helplessness, guilt, anxiety, depression) 2. There has been also been a variety of assessment tools used in evaluation. Youngs Internet Addiction Test 16, the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ) receiveed by Demetrovics, Szeredi, and Pozsa 26 and the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) 27 are all examples of instruments to assess for this disorder.PREVALENCEThe considerable variance of the prevalence rates spread abroaded f or IAD (between 0.3% and 38%) 28 whitethorn be due to the fact that diagnostic criteria and assessment questionnaires used for diagnosis vary between countries and studies often use highly selective samples of online surveys 7. In theirreview Weinstein and Lejoyeux 1 report that surveys in the United States and Europe have indicated prevalence rates varying between 1.5% and 8.2%. Other reports place the rates between 6% and 18.5% 29. Some obvious differences with extol to the methodologies, cultural factors, outcomes and assessment tools forming the basis for these prevalence rates notwithstanding, the rates we encountered were generally high and sometimes alarming. 24ETIOLOGYThere are different models available for the development and maintenance of IAD like the cognitive-behavioral model of problematic Internet use 21, the anonymity, convenience and escape (ACE) model 30, the access, affordability, anonymity (Triple-A) engine 31, a phases model of pathological Internet use by Gr ohol 32, and a comprehensive model of the development and maintenance of Internet addiction by Winkler Drsing 24, which takes into account socio-cultural factors (e.g., demographic factors, access to and bridal of the Internet), biological vulnerabilities (e.g., genetic factors, abnormalities in neurochemical processes), psychological predispositions (e.g., personality characteristics, negative affects), and specific attributes of the Internet to explain excessive engagement in Internet activities 24.NEUROBIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIESIt is known that addictions activate a combination of sites in the brain associated with merriment, known together as the reward c get into or pleasure pathway of the brain 33, 34. When activated, dopamine release is increased, along with opiates and other neurochemicals. Over time, the associated receptors may be affected, producing tolerance or the need for increasing stimulation of the reward center to produce a high and the subsequent characteristic behavior patterns needed to avoid withdrawal. Internet use may also lead specifically to dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens 35, 36, one of the reward structures of the brain specifically involved in other addictions 20. An example of the rewarding nature of digital technology use may be captured in the following statement by a 21 year-old male in treatment for IAD I feel technology has brought so frequently joy into my life. No other activity relaxes me or stimulates me like technology. However, when depression hits, I tend to use technology as a wayof retreating and isolating. keep/REWARDWhat is so rewarding about Internet and video game use that it could become an addiction? The theory is that digital technology users experience four-fold layers of reward when they use various computer industrys. The Internet functions on a variable ratio reinforcement schedule (VRRS), as does gambling 29. Whatever the application (general surfing, pornography, chat rooms, heart and so ul boards, social networking sites, video games, email, texting, cloud applications and games, etc.), these activities support unpredictable and variable reward structures. The reward experienced is intensified when combined with mood enhancing/ impact content. Examples of this would be pornography ( cozy stimulation), video games (e.g. various social rewards, identification with a hero, immersive graphics), dating sites (romantic fantasy), online poker (financial) and special interest chat rooms or message boards (sense of belonging) 29, 37.BIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITIONThere is increasing evidence that there can be a genetic predisposition to addictive behaviors 38, 39. The theory is that individuals with this predisposition do not have an adequate number of dopamine receptors or have an insufficient amount of serotonin/dopamine 2, thereby having difficulty experiencing normal levels of pleasure in activities that most people would find rewarding. To increase pleasure, these individual s are more likely to seek greater than average engagement in behaviors that stimulate an increase in dopamine, effectively giving them more reward but placing them at higher risk for addiction.MENTAL HEALTH VULNERABILITIESMany researchers and clinicians have noted that a variety of mental disorders co-occur with IAD. There is debate about which came first, the addiction or the co-occurring disorder 18, 40. The study by Dong et al. 40 had at least the emf to clarify this question, reporting that higher scores for depression, anxiety, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, and psychoticism were consequences of IAD. But due to the limitations of the study further research is necessary.THE TREATMENT OF INTERNET ADDICTIONThere is a general consensus that total abstinence from the Internet should not be the goal of the interventions and that instead, an abstinence from problematic applications and a controlled and balanced Internet usage should be achieved 6. The following paragraphs illu strate the various treatment options for IAD that exist today. Unless studies examining the efficacy of the illustrated treatments are not available, findings on the efficacy of the presented treatments are also provided. Unfortunately, most of the treatment studies were of low methodological quality and used an intra-group design. The general lack of treatment studies notwithstanding, there are treatment guidelines reported by clinicians working in the field of IAD. In her loudness Internet Addiction Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment, Young 41 offers some treatment strategies which are already known from the cognitive-behavioral approach (a) coiffure opposite time of Internet use (discover patients patterns of Internet use and disrupt these patterns by suggesting new schedules), (b) use external stoppers (real events or activities prompting the patient to log off), (c) set goals (with realize to the amount of time), (d) abstain from a particular application (that the client is unable to control), (e) use reminder cards (cues that remind the patient of the costs of IAD and benefits of breaking it), (f) develop a personal inventory (shows all the activities that the patient used to engage in or cant find the time due to IAD), (g) enter a support group (compensates for a lack of social support), and (h) engage in family therapy (addresses relational problems in the family) 41. Unfortunately, clinical evidence for the efficacy of these strategies is not mentioned.Non-psychological ApproachesSome authors examine pharmacological interventions for IAD, perhaps due to the fact that clinicians use psychopharmacology to treat IAD despite the lack of treatment studies addressing the efficacy of pharmacological treatments. In particular, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used because of the co-morbid psychiatric symptoms of IAD (e.g. depression and anxiety) for which SSRIs have been implant to be effective 42-46. Escitalopram (a SSRI) was us ed by DellOsso et al. 47 to treat 14 subjects with impulsive-compulsive Internet usage disorder. Internet usage diminutiond significantly from a mean of 36.8 hours/week to a baseline of 16.5 hours/week. In another(prenominal) study Han, Hwang, and Renshaw 48 used bupropion (a non-tricyclic antidepressant) and found a decrease of craving for Internet video game play, total game play time, and cue-induced brain activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex after a half-dozen week period of bupropion sustained release treatment. Methylphenidate (a psycho stimulant drug) was used by Han et al. 49 to treat 62 Internet video game-playing children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.After eighter from Decatur weeks of treatment, the YIAS-K scores and Internet usage times were significantly reduced and the authors cautiously suggest that methylphenidate might be evaluated as a potential treatment of IAD. According to a study by Shapira et al. 50, mood stabilizers might als o improve the symptoms of IAD. In addition to these studies, there are some case reports of patients hardened with escitalopram 45, citalopram (SSRI)- quetiapine (antipsychotic) combination 43 and naltrexone (an opioid receptor antagonist) 51. A few authors mentioned that physical do could compensate the decrease of the dopamine level due to rock-bottom online usage 52. In addition, sports exercise prescriptions used in the course of cognitive behavioral group therapy may enhance the effect of the intervention for IAD 53.Psychological ApproachesMotivational interviewing (MI) is a client-centered yet directive method for enhancing immanent motivating to change by exploring and resolving client ambivalence 54. It was developed to help individuals give up addictive behaviors and learn new behavioral skills, using techniques such as open-ended questions, reflective listening, affirmation, and summarization to help individuals express their concerns about change 55. Unfortunately, there are currently no studies addressing the efficacy of MI in treating IAD, but MI seems to be moderately effective in the areas of alcohol, drug addiction, and diet/exercise problems 56. Peukert et al. 7 suggest that interventions with family members or other relatives like Community Reinforcement and Family Training 57 could be useful in enhancing the motivation of an addict to cut back on Internet use, although the reviewers remark that control studies with relatives do not exist to date. Reality therapy (RT) is supposed to encourage individuals to choose to improve theirlives by committing to change their behavior. It includes sessions to show clients that addiction is a choice and to give them training in time management it also introduces alternative activities to the problematic behavior 58.According to Kim 58, RT is a core addiction recovery tool that offers a wide variety of uses as a treatment for addictive disorders such as drugs, sex, food, and works as well for the In ternet. In his RT group counseling syllabus treatment study, Kim 59 found that the treatment platform effectively reduced addiction level and amend self-esteem of 25 Internet-addicted university students in Korea. Twohig and Crosby 60 used an Acceptance load Therapy (ACT) protocol including several exercises adjusted to better fit the issues with which the sample struggles to treat six adult males suffering from problematic Internet pornography viewing. The treatment resulted in an 85% reduction in viewing at post-treatment with results being maintained at the three month follow-up (83% reduction in viewing pornography). Widyanto and Griffith 8 report that most of the treatments employed so far had utilized a cognitive-behavioral approach. The case for using cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is justified due to the good results in the treatment of other behavioral addictions/impulse-control disorders, such as pathological gambling, compulsive shopping, bulimia nervosa, and bin ge eating-disorders 61.Wlfling 5 described a predominantly behavioral group treatment including identification of sustaining conditions, establishing of intrinsic motivation to reduce the amount of time being online, learning alternative behaviors, engagement in new social real-life contacts, psycho-education and exposure therapy, but unfortunately clinical evidence for the efficacy of these strategies is not mentioned. In her study, Young 62 used CBT to treat 114 clients suffering from IAD and found that participants were better able to manage their presenting problems post-treatment, showing improved motivation to stop abusing the Internet, improved ability to control their computer use, improved ability to function in offline relationships, improved ability to abstain from sexually explicit online material, improved ability to engage in offline activities, and improved ability to achieve sobriety from problematic applications. Cao, Su and Gao 63 investigated the effect of group C BT on 29 middle school students with IAD and found that IAD scores of the experimental group were overthrow than of the control groupafter treatment.The authors also reported improvement in psychological function. Thirty-eight adolescents with IAD were treated with CBT intentional particularly for addicted adolescents by Li and Dai 64. They found that CBT has good effects on the adolescents with IAD (CIAS scores in the therapy group were significant lower than that in the control group). In the experimental group the scores of depression, anxiety, compulsiveness, self-blame, illusion, and retreat were significantly decreased after treatment. Zhu, Jin, and Zhong 65 compared CBT and electro acupuncture (EA) plus CBT assigning forty-seven patients with IAD to one of the two groups respectively. The authors found that CBT alone or combined with EA can significantly reduce the score of IAD and anxiety on a self-rating scale and improve self-conscious health billet in patients with IAD , but the effect obtained by the combined therapy was better.Multimodal TreatmentsA multimodal treatment approach is characterized by the implementation of several different types of treatment in some cases even from different disciplines such as pharmacology, psychotherapy and family counseling simultaneously or sequentially. Orzack and Orzack 66 mentioned that treatments for IAD need to be multidisciplinary including CBT, psychotropic medication, family therapy, and case managers, because of the complexity of these patients problems. In their treatment study, Du, Jiang, and Vance 67 found that multimodal school-based group CBT (including parent training, teacher education, and group CBT) was effective for adolescents with IAD (n = 23), particularly in improving emotional state and regulation ability, behavioral and self-management style. The effect of another multimodal intervention consisting of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), family therapy, and CT was investigated among 52 adolescents with IAD in China. After three months of treatment, the scores on an IAD scale (IAD-DQ), the scores on the SCL-90, and the amount of time spent online decreased significantly 68.Orzack et al. 69 used a psychoeducational program, which combines psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral theoretical perspectives, using a combination of Readiness to Change (RtC), CBT and MI interventions to treat a group of 35 men involved in problematic Internet-enabled sexual behavior (IESB). In this group treatment, the quality of life increased and the level of depressive symptoms decreasedafter 16 (weekly) treatment sessions, but the level of problematic Internet use failed to decrease significantly 69. Internet addiction related symptom scores significantly decreased after a group of 23 middle school students with IAD were treated with Behavioral Therapy (BT) or CT, detoxification treatment, psychosocial rehabilitation, personality modeling and parent training 70.Therefore, the authors concluded that psychotherapy, in particular CT and BT were effective in treating middle school students with IAD. Shek, Tang, and Lo 71 described a multi-level counseling program designed for young people with IAD based on the responses of 59 clients. Findings of this study suggest this multi-level counseling program (including counseling, MI, family perspective, case work and group work) is promising to help young people with IAD. Internet addiction symptom scores significantly decreased, but the program failed to increase psychological well-being significantly. A six-week group counseling program (including CBT, social competence training, training of self-discipline strategies and training of communication skills) was shown to be effective on 24 Internet-addicted college students in China 72. The authors reported that the adapted CIAS-R scores of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group post-treatment.The reSTART ProgramThe authors of this article are currently, or have been, affiliated with the reSTART Internet Addiction Recovery Program 73 in Fall City, Washington. The reSTART program is an inpatient Internet addiction recovery program which integrates technology detoxification (no technology for 45 to 90 days), drug and alcohol treatment, 12 step work, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), experiential adventure based therapy, Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT), brain enhancing interventions, animal assisted therapy, motivational interviewing (MI), mindfulness based turnaround prevention (MBRP), Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR), interpersonal group psychotherapy, individual psychotherapy, individualized treatments for co-occurring disorders, psycho- educational groups (life visioning, addiction education, communication and assertiveness training, social skills, life skills, Life balance plan), aftercare treatments (monitoring of technology use, ongoing psychotherapy and group work), and continuing car e (outpatient treatment) in an individualized, holistic approach.The firstresults from an ongoing OQ45.2 74 study (a self-reported measurement of subjective discomfort, interpersonal relationships and social role performance assessed on a weekly basis) of the short-term impact on 19 adults who complete the 45+ days program showed an improved score after treatment. Seventy-four percent of participants showed significant clinical improvement, 21% of participants showed no reliable change, and 5% deteriorated. The results have to be regarded as foregoing due to the small study sample, the self-report measurement and the lack of a control group. scorn these limitations, there is evidence that the program is responsible for most of the improvements demonstrated.CONCLUSIONAs can be seen from this brief review, the field of Internet addiction is advancing rapidly even without its official recognition as a separate and diaphanous behavioral addiction and with continuing disagreement ove r diagnostic criteria. The ongoing debate whether IAD should be classified as an (behavioral) addiction, an impulse-control disorder or even an obsessive compulsive disorder cannot be satisfactorily resolved in this paper. But the symptoms we observed in clinical practice show a great the great unwashed of overlap with the symptoms commonly associated with (behavioral) addictions. Also it remains unclear to this day whether the underlying mechanisms responsible for the addictive behavior are the same in different types of IAD (e.g., online sexual addiction, online gaming, and excessive surfing).From our practical perspective the different shapes of IAD fit in one category, due to various Internet specific commonalities (e.g., anonymity, riskless interaction), commonalities in the underlying behavior (e.g., avoidance, fear, pleasure, entertainment) and overlapping symptoms (e.g., the increased amount of time spent online, preoccupation and other signs of addiction). Nevertheless mo re research has to be done to substantiate our clinical impression. Despite several methodological limitations, the strength of this work in comparison to other reviews in the international body of literature addressing the definition, classification, assessment, epidemiology, and co-morbidity of IAD 2-5, and to reviews 6-8 addressing the treatment of IAD, is that it connects theoretical considerations with the clinical practice of interdisciplinary mental health experts working for years in the field of Internet addiction.Furthermore, the current work gives a goodoverview of the current state of research in the field of internet addiction treatment. Despite the limitations stated above this work gives a brief overview of the current state of research on IAD from a practical perspective and can therefore be seen as an important and helpful paper for further research as well as for clinical practice in particular.

The French and Indian War Essay Example for Free

The cut and Indian war EssayPrior to 1754 French Indian War, the 13 North the Statesn colonies that would eventually become the United States of America were at a rate of rapid increase. Colonial trade with England has increased by over 360%, all colonies were reproducing successfully, with a rate of natural increase of 3%, and the population doubling every 25 years, and on top out of that, colonial power increased with the idea of Salutary Neglect, and colonial assemblies. The French Indian War had cause a multitude of changes and shifts in America, on political, economical, and ideological levels a manage. For a start, the French and Indian War altered the political aspects of the 13 colonies. Prior to the French Indian War, due to the idea that it was beneficial or healthy for the 13 colonies if they had some sense of freedom, independence and self- presidential term, this was dubbed Salutary Neglect. The main form of political governance in the colonies was the colonia l assemblies.These assemblies were responsible for governing their respective colonies through city courts. These courts would make decisions that pertained to each of the colonies, like appointing members to the unicameral and bicameral assemblies. Building on this k flatledge, subsequently the war ended in 1763, with the Treaty of Paris 1763, one of the main consequences was the end of Salutary Neglect. Most colonial assemblies were shut down as a ensue of this, giving the colonial Royal governors more power than they previously had. An otherwise consequence of the Treaty of Paris 1763 was the French losing every last spot of their land in North America (Doc. A). The French originally fought in the French Indian War for control of the Ohio River Valley, which was an important area for trade and growth. Progressing outside(a) from the political aspects that were altered by the French Indian War, the economical aspects were to a fault altered ultimately.Before the beginning of the French Indian War, Britain didnt have each study appraisees imposed onto the colonies. That was earlier the war. After the French Indian War was fought, and the Treaty of Paris 1763 signed, the Stamp Act was imposed in 1765 by George leash to help pay for the deficit created by the French Indian War, as well as King Georges War (1739-1748). This act was passed as a result of Britain needing more revenue, as for the revenue coming from the colonies prior to this act was not yet sufficient to defray a fourth part of the cost necessary for collecting it.(Doc. F). The Stamp Act, mind you, wasnt a tax on stamps, but rather a tax on printed documents, such asnewspapers, journals, deeds, letters, et cetera. The Stamp Act required all printed documents to be stamped with a special imprint, which certified the document. Failure to do so would most likely result in a fine, or confiscation of the merchandise, which is why it faced so much opposition from the colonists, even thoug h it only affected a certain few.genus Benzoin Franklin wrote a letter, addressed to John Hughes in Pennsylvania, suggesting the repealing of the Stamp Act (Doc. G). If he refused to repeal the Stamp Act, Franklin warned him that it would make him very unpopular among the colonists, and refuted that he should try to adjudicate the colonists after the war, instead of taxing them. Benjamin Franklin truly feared violent opposition to the Stamp Act. This eventually led to the Stamp Act crisis, which resulted in Liberty Trees cosmos planted. At these liberty trees, officials sent to collect taxes in more severe cases were tarred and feathered as a form of public humiliation. The Virginia Resolves were also passed as a result of the Stamp Acts, which claimed it as unconstitutional, and they could not be taxed without representation in Parliament. This type of violent opposition led to the repealing of the Stamp Act in 1766, and the whirl of the Declatory Act in 1766 which gave Britain the right to make laws for the colonies.This concept is called parliamentary sovereignty, and went against the right of consent of the governed, and the colonists natural rights of life, liberty, and property, or alternatively, the pursuit of happiness. The British also assumed the colonists Virtual Representation. This is the idea that the colonies were represented in Parliament indirectly. Also, before the French Indian War ended with the Treaty of Paris 1763, which resulted in the promulgation Line of 1763, which ran from the West of the Appalachian Mountains to England, Native Americans were getting defensive about their land, and warned the colonists to remove themselves from their area, as for they had no right to settle (Doc. B). The Chief of the Iroquois Confederacy, Canassatego, told the representative bodies in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia that basically, their motives are transparent, and the Native Americans knew the value of their land and instructed the repre sentatives to promptly remove their men from their land (even though it wasnt rightfully theirs) because they had no right to settle, and they felt greatly disrespected.After the war ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1763, the Proclamation Line was drawn to counteract allBritish colonists from settling West of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent all future tensions with the Native Americans, even though proceeding the war, a large deal of their land was already lost. The war ultimately created economic accent mark in the colonies, because it resulted in more taxes (Doc. F), and isolated trade with the Native Americans, as for we usually traded fur pelts with them. This also couldve foreshadowed their refusal to join the colonists in an alliance during the Albany protrude of 1754, as well the problem of westward expansion with Chief Pontiacs Rebellion in 1763, which resulted in the senseless murder of thousands of British colonists. Adding on to other economic problems created by the war, the mercantile policies of the Navigation Acts were beginning to become heavily enforced again.England buckled down on the colonies to raise revenue (Doc. F.). This put a major halt on smuggling of goods to the 13 colonies. With the passing of the Writs of Assistance, the quartering British soldiers had a right to enter a colonists home at anytime and confiscate anything they suspected of being smuggled. Smuggled good were rarely found, but it enraged the colonists that the British had a right to do this on their land. To initiate the nett point, are the altered ideological aspects that were altered as a result of the French Indian War. Preceding the French and Indian War, some of the colonists were sycophant to Britain. During the war, in 1755, George Washington wrote a letter to Robert Orne, wishing to join the militia. He was eager to serve under General Braddock, who would soon bring on the humiliating flog during the failed capture of Fort Duquesne (Doc. C). George Washingtons loyalty and respect for Britain would soon change, like many other colonists ideological values about their mother country.Sources like the Massachusetts soldiers diary dated 1759 proved British to be neglectful of their soldiers. The people who were once eager to serve under Britain now wanted out. The British Parliament refused to supply proper winter clothes, and liquor. To him, this is being denied Englishmens Liberty. The soldiers were not allowed to leave, so they may as well have been slaves at that point. (Doc. D). Thats just one ideological value changed as a result of the French Indian War. As I said before, many colonists horizon highly of Britain as a mother country, with over 60,000 loyalists living the colonies, until the French Indian War. Rev. Thomas Banards sermon in 1763 praised Britain in an usually bullishway. He assumed the end of the war meant the colonists could be free and happy. No animosity could be sensed towards Britain. (Doc. E.) That wa s until the British decided to tax the colonists to increase revenue. (Doc. F.).That resulted in the Stamp Act, which as you know, was every controversial and lead to violent oppositions, riots, and acts like the Virginia Resolves. Benjamin Franklin warned Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act before any of this opposition took place (Doc. G). In October 1765, on a new paper masthead was a very iconic image. There was a skull and crossbones stating The time are Dreadful, Doleful, Dismal, Dolorous, and DOLLAR-LESS. It also read Adieu Adieu to LIBERTY which can be translated to Goodbye to Liberty. (Doc. H). Mind you, these are the same colonies that kissed up to Britain before the war. Acts in the same nature of the Stamp Act faced opposition of this sort. This substantiates the evident shifting and altering of ideological values that resulted from the French Indian war.In last analysis of this essay, one may think that the French and Indian war heavily altered the relationship betwee n Britain and the American colonies. Theyre right. The French Indian changed the relationship on a economical, political, and an ideological basis. The politics were changed during the disbanding of the colonial assemblies, doing away with of Salutary Neglect and the French losing all their territory as a result of the Treaty of Paris 1763, the economical situation was pressed one, with the Navigation Acts now being heavily enforced, cutting down on smuggling, with the new taxes on top of that, and isolated trade with the Native Americans and Britain, and most definitely on an ideological level, seeing the major shift of emotion and feelings towards Britain after the war, from optimistic, loyal, and respectful, to slandering them in a hostile manner. The tensions created by this war, and the abandoning of the debt on the colonists foreshadowing the heavy colonial resistance that was to come, that would blossom into the American Revolution.

Tic Tac Toe Game Computer Science Essay

Tic Tac toenail Game Com dumbfounder Science Es opineMost of the query nowadays is focused towards problems t lid deal with complexity or atomic number 18 influenced by some kind of random events. Interesting ab step to the fore these problems is that if they are deterministic, then a solution is expected to exist, at least a theoretical one. These problems are often inspired by backs, such(prenominal) as mathematical haltings (ex. Tic-Tac-Toe, Chess). On the separate hand the point of randomness involved in these problems increases the difficulty of prediction on the contingent solution, or in some situations outcome. This is thy, thither are plastered methods of operations devised, that in put to work give some supplementary information to a decision maker. In most of the skids, the prob tycoon distribution of an even which in any casek mail randomly, it is possible to be affected by prior events.These risques are often compete by at least 2 histrions (or m any(pre nominal)), out of which the one is called an opponent. The decisions at separately step are made by the last prod of the opponent. The operations inquiry in these halts is called wager theory.The vital Tic-Tac-Toe risque consists of 2 imposters, X and O, who take turns marking the spaces in a 3-3 grid (Crun-inley, 1993 Gardner, 1998).The plot of land commonly begins with the X doer, and the player who impart manage to place third respective marks (in any direction, i.e. in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row) follows the gimpy. This basic recitation of the enlivened is rather simple, what allows the grainy to be used as a useful tool in combinatorial lame theory, as well as a branch of artificial intelligence that deals with the searching of bet steers (Beck, 2008). Using game theory t here(predicate) are few approaches that can be undertakenThe games solution is resulted by dominance when the game has only 1 keen-sighted outline for each playerMinimax st rategies decide a stable solution useful if the opponent makes the wrong playMinimax strategies do not decide a stable solution using a probability distributionEven though, game theory researches are made on the possible playing strategies, they faculty not be employed in real life when playing a game, becauseThere might be too many strategies to enumerate (this procedure is simply too large to be estimated).Players are not always rational.There might be more than two players.Real-life games are not zero-sum games.This get off deals with developing a Tic-Tac-Toe to be used on a diligent twist. The following chapter discusses the Aims and Objectives of the game. Chapter 3 talks about a background research on this game, starting with a review on animate Tic-Tac-Toe games, which in turn leads to discussion about the existing models of this game and the proposed model of this work.Finally, Chapter 3 concludes with a technology research c at a timentrated towards deep brown 2 Pl atform, micro Edition (J2ME). Chapters 4 and 5 describe the system requirement analysis and intention on this work, and chapters 6, 7, and 8 include explanation on the implementation, testing and evaluation. And finally, chapter 9 concludes this work.2. Aim and ObjectivesThe aim of this project is to develop a Tic-Tac-Toe game for rambling device. The game is supposed to consist of two part, one a single player game (a player against a system), and the separate a multi-player game (two players on their mobile devices, playing against each other). In order to accomplish these, the following objectives were defined.Single player gameThe player should play Tic-Tac-Toe game on his mobile device.The player should ware option to edit his name.The player ordain start the game of choosing his symbol as X or O.If player 1 selected X then O has to be automatically allotted to the mobile device as a second player, and vice versa.The player has an option to remove the small game grid out of 4 small tick-tack-toe games.If player X marked horizontally or vertically or diagonally of his symbol X in a row, then player X won that small match.Finally, which player won the maximum small games will be declared as winner of the tic-tac-toe game.Multi-player gameUsing Bluetooth as communication channel the two players should play Tic-Tac-Toe game from dissimilar mobiles.Players should get options to edit his name.Once twain players connected together, then scratch player will start the game of choosing his symbol as X or O.If player 1 selected X then O has to be automatically allotted to player 2.Then primary(prenominal) game grid has to display in both mobiles.Player2 have option to demand the small game grid out of 4 small tic-tac-toe games.After grid selection both players will play tic-tac-toe game in that small grid.If player X marked horizontally or vertically or diagonally of his symbol X in a row, then player X won that small match.That small grid is marked with X and Player1 awarded 1 point, screen should zoom out and have to display self-coloured main game grid and now player who won the introductory game will have the choice to choose on which grid have to be select to play remaining game.This process will be repeated until the whole Four (4) small games grids marked with X, or O, or T.Finally which player won the maximum small games will be declared as winner of the tic-tac-toe game. then game shutdowns.3. Background ResearchIn this section the Tic-Tac-Toe game will be discussed in details. At the outset, the basic rules of the game are going to be covered. Then, thither will be a review on existing Tic-Tac-Toe games, which in turn will lead to discussion about the existing models of this game and the proposed model of this work. Finally, this section is going to be concluded with a technology research concentrated towards chocolate 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME).3.1 sanctioned Rules of Tic-Tac-Toe gameThe basic Tic-Tac-Toe game consists of two players, X and O, who take turns marking the spaces in a 3-3 grid (Crowley, 1993 Gardner, 1998). The game usually starts with the X player, and the player who will manage to place trinity respective marks wins the game. The marks can be placed in any direction, i.e. in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row. This basic version of the game is rather simple and very often leads to draw. This simplicity allows the game to be used as a useful tool in combinatorial game theory, as well as a branch of artificial intelligence that deals with the searching of game trees (Beck, 2008).The Roman Empire is known to have established the beginnings of the earliest known variant of tic-tac-toe. It originated around the inaugural century BC (Crowley, 1993). At that time, the game was called Terni Lapilli. kind of of having any offspring of pieces, each player only had three. The game was played by moving them around to empty spaces to keep playing. However, according to C laudia Zaslavskys book, the game Tic Tac Toe is originating from ancient Egypt (Zaslavsky, 1982).Chess and Tic-Tac-Toe are one of the most famous games to which the moves are not left to chances, rather than pure mathematics and logical reasoning. In these games, a player wins by achieving a kind human body offshoot, like for instance checkmate in chess, and 3-in-a-row in a basic Tic-Tac-Toe game in 33 wag (Gardner, 1998). Thus, the question which can be posed at this point is How a player can come across a attractive configuration first? Even though on that point isnt a general theorem to answer this question, there might be a well-known strategy take argument that can give a partial answer about when a player can achieve a winning configuration first (Beck, 2008).In order to find a winning strategy, in theory all the paths could be explored. However, in practice this is not easy because the total number of strategies can be calculated a double exponential function of the size of the board. For example, a 3-dimensional 5-5-5 version of Tic-Tac-Toe, has about 3125 positions. This is because each one of the 53 cells has 3 optionsMarked by the first player,Marked by the second player, orUnmarked.Thus the backtracking on a graph of 3125 vertices takes at least 3125 steps. This is the main reason that this 3-dimensional 5-5-5 version of Tic-Tac-Toe remains unsolved up to date. Moreover, only two explicit winning strategies are known from in the whole class ofn-n- -n = nd Tic-Tac-Toe games. This is the 33 version and it is characterized with an easy winning strategy, and the 43 version that in turn has an extremely complicated winning strategy.In order to play a perfect tic-tac-toe game, i.e. a win or a draw, the player can play given they move consistent with the uppermost possible moves. This is presented in the following table (Crowley, 1993)WinIf the player has two in a row, play the third to get three in a row.BlockIf the opponent has two in a row, p lay the third to block them.ForkCreate an opportunity where you can win in two ways.Block opponents forkOption 1 Create two in a row to force the opponent into defending, as bulky as it doesnt result in them creating a fork or winning. For example, if X has a coigne, O has the bear on, and X has the opposite nook as well, O mustiness not play a corner in order to win. (Playing a corner in this scenario bring into beings a fork for X to win.)Option 2 If there is a configuration where the opponent can fork, block that fork.CenterPlay the center.Opposite cornerIf the opponent is in the corner, play the opposite corner.Empty cornerPlay in a corner square.Empty sidePlay in a middle square on any of the 4 sides.Initially, the player that starts first gets the X and has 3 probable positions to mark in his turn. Even though it seems that there are 9 possible positions, as there are 9 squares in the grid, by rotating the board, this is not the case. It can be observed thatEvery corner mark is tactically equal to every other corner mark, andEvery edge mark is tactically equal to every other edge mark.There are therefore only three possible first marks corner, edge, or center. The first player could win (or make a draw) from any of these starting marks. It can be withal observed that playing a corner would give the opponent the smallest choice of squares. This is a priggish strategy as could be played to negate losing (Zaslavsky, 1982) .The second player can be identified as O and this player must respond to Xs opening mark. However, this should be done in such a way as to avoid Player X to win. It can be stated that Player O must always respond with (Zaslavsky, 1982)To a corner opening with a center mark,To a center opening with a corner mark andTo an edge opening either with a center mark, a corner mark undermentioned to the X, or an edge mark opposite the X.Any different play would allow X to compel a win. After every next turn of player X, the player O shou ld follow the above list. This way the player O can achieve a draw (or a win if the player X makes a weak play).3.2 Existing Tic-Tac-Toe gamesAs many other games like three mens morris, nine mens morris, pente, gomoku, Qubic, Connect Four, Quarto and Gobblet, Tic-Tac-Toe also has the same goal, i.e. a player wins if he is the first one to get n-in-a-row. Basically, if a generalization is to be appendd, it can be concluded that all the different formations of Tic-Tac-Toe can be represented as nd-games, which are accordingly played on a d-dimensional boards with edge n (Zaslavsky, 1982). As it was discussed in the previous section as well, the original Tic-Tac-Toe game is actually a 32-game.There are many waverings, discussed as follows (Patashnik, 1980 Gardner, 1998 Beck, 2008).A slightly different version of a Tic-Tac-Toe game is the 33-game, played on a 3x3x3 board (Patashnik, 1980).It can be noted that this game gives good opportunities to the player that plays first, so he coul d achieve an easy win by playing at the center with his first move. Similarly, playing on a 4x4x4 board also gives the first remunerator better chances for wining.More complex version of a Tic-Tac-Toe game is playing it on a board with higher(prenominal) dimensional space. 4 dimensional, i.e. 3-3-3-3 board is one of the most commonly played Tic-Tac-Toe (Patashnik, 1980).In this version there are 2 possible aims. One of them is to position elements through all of the board, therefrom the player that has more rows of 3 totally than the other one is the winner of the game. And the other strategy is to include 4 players, in which case the winner is the payer that will get a row of 3 first.Another version is the misre tic-tac-toe game. It is played according to its conventional rules, such as in this innovation 33 game would be a draw, whereas the winner is the player that will get n in a row (Berlekamp, 1982).Quite a new game is the Tic Tac Tactic variation of tic-tac-toe (Berlekamp , 1982). This game is played on a 3 dimensional curved board, and the here each player tries to roll a ball at least half the way, as it would then drop on a grid that has 9 positions (33 grid). This way the players should make a row of 3 in order to gain a ball. The winner is the player that will have won the first 5 balls. In order to roll their balls precisely, they could use a device that helps into changing a balls trajectory.Yet another version is the nine board tic-tac-toe. In this game, there are in affection 9 boards, arranged as 33 grids, and the first payer can start on any of them by his choice (Gardner, 1998). The following moves are supposed to be places on the board chosen by the first player. Once this board gets full and there is no more space left, the next move can be again on any of the boards left, by the choice of the player. The winner is the one that will achieve 3 in a row. However, having 9 boards gives the game yet another spirit than the usual tic-tac-toe game, as the players can have an opening, middle and end of their game.Similar to the nine board tic-tac-toe game is the super tic-tac-toe game (Beck, 2008).The difference in this variation is that this game does not end once a player makes 3 in a row in one of the 9 boards. As an alternative, the position of that board is marked on a new 33 grid, and the winner is the one that will make 3 in row there.Tic-Tac-Chess is an interesting combination of games, as it involved playing a chess game, as well as a tic-tac-toe game at the same time (Beck, 2008). In this variation, once a player captures a piece from the challenger on the chess game, makes a move on the tic-tac-toe game (even if the challenger has not placed anything on the tic-tac-toe game yet). And of course, the winner is the player that will make 3 in a row on the tic-tac-toe game first.A game that in essence is an isomorphic to a tic-tac-toe game, even though it seems as a completely different game, is described as follow s (Beck, 2008). Basically, there are 2 players that should say a number between 1 and 9, without repeating the previously said numbers. The winner is the player that will first make a sum of 15. This game is isomorphic to a tic-tac-toe, because if those numbers are to be placed on a 33 magic grid, then it will be exactly as playing a tic-tac-toe game, because a straight line is formed only if the sum of the numbers is 15. This information is mostly useful in programme variations of a tic-tac-toe game.Another different variation again employs numbers from 1 to 9 (Gardner, 1998). These are to be placed on a 33 grid, but must be held with an order of priority defined by the players. Then the players play a tic-tac-toe game, filling the grid by the precedence defined beforehand.Check Lines is a very old variation of tic-tac-toe game, invented in the 1970s by Tri-ang Toys Games. In this game the board is actually any geometrical pattern that consists of 12 lines.There are 11 holes in t otal, distributed in a way that each line has 3 holes. At this point, each player is given 5 coins, and each player on their turn should place a coin on the board. The winner is the one that will have first completed 2 lines. Because the players have only 5 coins, this means that they have to complete intersecting lines. If none of the players have won after placing their 5 coins, then they will continue playing by replacing the position of the coins, on the remaining spaces, with the rule that it must be done only on an adjacent hole.Very similar game to the tic-tac-toe game is the Toss Across game. Here, the players are given bags with beans and they are throwing them on a big board for marking the squares.Star Tic Tac Toe is another popular variation of tic-tac-toe. This game is played with checkers like movable pieces. It has a 33 board, thus a player has 3 pieces accordingly.The participants keep on replacing pieces into the spaces which are left empty in the board, until one t he players wins this actually adds some more dynamism in the game. Moreover, the players have supplementary star shaped pieces, which can be swapped.Similar category of games as the previous bullet, are the Mojo, Mojo Too and Mojo tic-tac-toe games. In these variation the payers also pieces and pawn(s) onto empty positions until there is a winner.Moreover, there are many plants based on the tic-tac-toe game, as wellHollywood Squares is a show with 9 celebrities, which fill the cells of the tic-tac-toe grid.Tic-Tac-Dough is a show on which the players put symbols up on the board. This is achieved by answering queries in a variety of categories.In Beat the Teacher competitors respond to questions to win a turn, again on a tic-tac-toe grid.On The Price Is Right, there is a pricing game called Secret X, in which players must estimate prices to win Xes, in order to place them on a blank board. They must position the Xes as to provide speculation of the location on the secret X. This is in turn hidden in the middle line of the board, forming a tic-tac-toe line across.The fictional game Dni game of Gemedet, has an aim to place 6 balls in a row to a 9x9x9 grid (Gardner, 1998).The fictional game Squid-Tac-Toad, has an aim to place 4 or 5 balls in a row to a 44 or 55 grid, accordingly (Gardner, 1998).A more simplistic variation of this game is having the rules as of the Y formations to count as a win. This is rather simple, because all the scenarios basically forming some kind of a Y configuration.Quantum tic tac toe is yet another variation in which the participants are positioning a quantum superposition of numbers on a tic tac toe board (Gardner, 1998).A bigger grid (for example 1010) tic-tac-toe games also exist. In a 1010 grid the winner should place 5 in a row. The more the grids there are on a board, the larger complexity of the game is.Another similar game named Go-moku, originating from Vietnam, also has the strategy for a player to get 5 in a row in order to win the game (Gardner, 1998). The players put Xs and Os, but in order to try blocking each other, in this variation they should also try to create changes for wining. Another difference is that the board has no limit, thus the game is played until there is a winner.Three Mens Morris and Nine Mens Morris are also variations, in which there is a limiting on the number of pieces in order for a move to be allowed (Gardner, 1998).Finally, the last variation of the tic-tac-toe game, employs the delivery eat, an, laf, it, line, if, lot, on and foe. In this game, the winner is the one that will select 3 words that start with the same letter. If the game was places on a tic-tac-toe grid, it would mean 3 words in order to form a line (three in a row line).3.3 Proposed modelThere are quite a few algorithmic rules hat can be used for creating the Tic-Tac-Toes game strategy. The most popular ones are the semantic algorithms and the lexical algorithms. For this project, a lexical algorithm was utilized. The model of the tic-tac-toe game described in this work contains 2 different game strategies. Basically, the one strategy is the Single Player game where a player plays against a system. The other strategy involves Multiple Player environment, and it is being played by a player versus another player.In order to analyze this game, a decision tree might be used. Moreover, for the analyzing part it should be expunged that both the players in the Multiple Player environment, and the single player in the Single Player game, are in essence experienced. This means that the result of a game can be foreseen after the first move from each participant (again assuming that there are no mistakes). Let us represent with 1 if the player that has the X wins and with -1 if the player that has the O wins. The following figure represents the decision tree after the first move from each participant. As it was already discussed in section 3.1 Basic Rules of Tic-Tac-Toe game, the tic-tac-toe game is symmetric and therefore it is sufficient to strike only the squares 1, 2 and 3 for the first player (see the figure below). The rest of the moves are symmetric and will be presented. So, following this reasoning, the first player has the positions 1, 2 and 3 available, and the second player has the remaining two positions.The figure above presents an expansion, so called an long form. It demonstrates that even in the simplest scenario the decision tree can be quite large. For example, if the first two moves were to be presented, this would be impossible to be demonstrated on a single page.Similarly to this discussion, the strategic form of the game can be presented by a different model, i.e. as a matrix. In order to demonstrate this approach, it should be assumed that the players choose one strategy and they strictly follow it when their turn comes. Of course, each strategy should represent all the paths of action and in every possible situation.At the beginning, let us as sume that there is a strategy that the first player uses for their first move, and another strategy for the first move of the second player. This logic would create some rules like the following (Zaslavsky, 1982)For the first player select one of the nine squares on the game board.For the second player Select one of the nine squares on the game board. If the first player already uses the selected square, then put an O in square 3, 5, 7, or 9 if an X is in square 1 (center) put an O in cell 1 if an X is in cell j.These rules are examples of complete strategies, and these can be selected by the payers before the beginning of the game, and thus followed with their first moves. The strategic form of a tic-tac-toe game is presented on the figure below. It should be noted that the entries in the table below are in essence the values of the game. They hold values for every possible selection of strategies.Each tic-tac-toe game that can be actually presented in an extensive form would have an equivalent strategic form similar to the one shown in the table presented above. Moreover, this table is also equivalent to the matrix established previously. The effect matrix in cooperation with the descriptions of the strategies comprises the model for the two-person tic-tac-toe game.3.4 Comparison of Proposed model with Existing ModelsThe semantic algorithm is yet another approach towards the tic-tac-toe game. The semantic algorithm is in essence a learning algorithm, and it might be structured in the following way. It might have as initial information the ability to recognizing the 3 states of a game lost, won or a draw. The algorithm in this case would play the X, and it will play against another algorithm, i.e. the O. As presently as a game is finishes, the information if the game was won or lost is stored. Moreover, the moves are presented with the smaller letters x and o accordingly. A possible structure of stored information could be the following line x5 o3 x9 o4 x1 won. The first move is always randomly selected. So, given that the algorithm played 7 (x7), and the opponent played 6 (o6), the algorithm will search for previous games that are most similar to x7 o6. If such a case is found, then the following rules applyIf the game found was a win, than the algorithm will try to reproduce the move. If the position is not available, it will play randomly.If the game found was a loss, the algorithm will try to correct the move, by not placing an element in the same position as in the lost game.This is repeated until there is a winner. Moreover, if a game end with a draw, it is not saved in the database.Comparing this algorithm with a lexical algorithm such as our proposed model, it might be noted that the semantic algorithm usually plays very badly at the begging. But, after a certain number of games, the learning curve of the algorithm becomes better. On the other hand, our proposed model behaves well during all the stages of the game.3.5 Technolo gy Research (j2me)Being quite different from other programming languages, Java does both compiling and interlingual rendition when it comes to process code.As it can be seen from the photo above, the source code (i.e. the .java files) is initially translated by the compiler. This gives an output of an intermediate language, called Java bytecode (i.e. the .class files). The bytecode is then ready to be executed (or in other words, interpreted) within a particular virtual mainframe, known as the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) (Hayun, 2009 Knudsen, 2008). This is in essence a simulated processor that executes all the bytecode commands. The Java Virtual Machine is the basic components that give to Java the feature to compatibility. This is simply because it represents a reliable layer between bytecode and the concrete gondola instructions, translated at runtime.Over the years, the Java language has undergone many changes and development. J2SE (Java 2 Standard Edition) had its first editi on targeting GUIs, applets, and other basic and rather simple operations. Recently, the language was extend with the Java suite known as J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition). This edition is based for server side development, and includes tools for database access, messaging, content rendering, inter-process communications, and transaction control (Hayun, 2009 Li, 2005). J2ME (Java 2 Micro Edition) came into existence as to cover the needs for applications targeting mobile devices. As it can be seen from this short overview, there are versions of Java to suit different environments from the initiative development tools intend for use in servers, to the micro systems. An important thing to note at this point is that the separation between platforms is not just absolute (Knudsen, 2008). Many times these are not a simple line than can be drawn. In order to demonstrate this, it might be explained that Java 2 Micro Edition development sometimes requires the use of Java 2 Enterprise Editi on and Java 2 Micro Edition. This is the case with multiplayer games for instance, so and Java 2 Micro Edition is used for the client side, but Java 2 Enterprise Edition is used for the server side of the application/game. Moreover, different Java editions target different hardware configurations. Similarly, there are 3 virtual cable cars to be used for the different environments (Li, 2005). For example, Hotspot VM is a negligence virtual machine suitable for a executing the full-scale edition of JavaHotspot. JavaHotspot is a newer type of virtual machine competent of vigorously optimizing a big(p) deal of executed code (called as hotspots) during the runtime (Li, 2005). Other versions of virtual machine are the Compact Virtual Machine (CVM) and Kilobyte Virtual Machine (KVM). These are in essence smaller virtual machine implementations. They are targeted to run within the restrictions of the limited resources found on the micro devices (these will be discussed ulterior in this section, as well).The requirement of having another version (like the Java 2 Micro Edition) for the mobile devices came because these devices do not have sufficient recourses to run Java 2 Standard Edition, since J2SE was clearly way excessively large to fit on even the bigger micro devices. However, the question was imposed initially was which features should be left out from the J2SE, so to be minimized in a smaller edition. Also, having great diversity of different devices, it would not have been a nice decision to restrict all the J2ME applications to the lowest compatible hardware configuration (Li, 2005 Kochnev, 2003). Moreover, this solution would not have been practical as well, because it would incorrectly neglect the capabilities of the higher end devices. The final solution is comprehended through a mixture of J2ME configurations and profiles (Krikke, 2005). It represented a revised Java architecture, which actually offers for the leaving out of parts of the platform, at the same time as addition to device and category precise components. Along these lines, the configuration would identify the abilities of a Java platform intended for use on a sequence of analogous hardware. Possible components that can be removed are the following (Kochnev, 2003 Lefevre, 2005)Java language mechanismsmallest amount hardware necessities, such as the memory, screen size, and processor power for the family of devicesintegrated Java librariesBy utilizing this approach, there are actually 2 preset configurations for mobile devices one for somewhat restricted devices such as PDAs and Set-Top-Boxes (for instance the digital TV receivers), and another one for devices such as pagers and mobile phones.These two configurations are (Kochnev, 2003 Krikke, 2005 Lefevre, 2005)CDC (Connected Device Configuration)CLDC (Connected, Limited Device Configuration)All of these configurations are to be reviewed as follows. On the other hand, a good example of java profiles is the UI (User Interface) for mobile phones. For example, the J2ME configuration CLDC that wraps this type of device, keeps out the typical Java UI libraries (AWT and Swing). The devices do not have the ability of presenting anything derived from these libraries in any case. This is due to the fact that their screens are just too small. Thus, there is no point to slaughtering valued space on them. The solution was to generate an innovative User Interface, fitting to the exact necessities of the poor mobiles LCD display. The eventful LCD UI is built-in in the CLDC profile. This targets MIDs (Mobile Information Devices), for this reason the name is MIDP.The CDC is built for bigger devices such as digital TV set-top-boxes and PDAs. These are devices characteristically with many space of memory. The CDC is the bigger brother of the J2ME configurations. It encloses a single profile (the Foundation profile) as well as a high performance virtual machine (known as the Compact Virtual Machine CVM). This Java language implementation, as well as the API, practically has all the influence of J2SE.Unluckily, the CDC is not accessible on the platform for the most micro-game players (the mobile phones).The CLDC is especially targeted to micro devices, like mobile phones. It fundamentally defines a standard, which in turn is used by all the device manufact

Key Standards in Healthcare Informatics

Key Standards in Healthcare InformaticsSion DavoudiIn health care, interoperability is the ability of different information engineering systems and software applications to communicate, exchange data, and use the information that has been exchanged (What is Interoperability?, 2017). This necessary communication between systems fanny be achieved if consistent standards are used, and both syntactic and semantic meaning of information are defined in clear terms. When standards are consistent and implementable, they not only reduce the risks and timelines of health technologies, but also bowel movement down costs significantly. According to Bender and Satripi (2013), the economic cost benefit of interoperability of healthcare information systems in the USA alone has been estimated at $77.8B (Bender Satripi, 2013).One comparatively new standard that has been established seeks to solve these risks and realize these cost saving potentials. FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) is a next generation framework created by the Health take Seven International (HL7) organization. It combines the best features of HL7s v2 and v3 product lines while leveraging the latest web standards (Introducing HL7 FHIR, 2017).Although it closely resembles its predecessors, FHIR comes as a huge departure from previous message standards such as HL7 v2 and v3. FHIR was developed through an incremental and iterative approach, which allows it to reflect the contemporary standards of medical practice. The development process ensured that FHIR could adequately handle complex systems, with glorious usability that make it fit for use in the current healthcare con text editions. Additionally, the system extensively uses open internet sources, making it both cheap and highly adaptable. HL7 v2 on the other hand, was not scalable and did not support jurisdictional information systems (Bender Satripi, 2013). Furthermore, it did not provide any support for any global enterprise identifie rs, which made interoperability extremely difficult. The next iteration, HL7 v3 introduced the HL7 Development Framework, and used the Reference Information Model. Although it was considered an improvement over its older counterpart, the standard was not directly implementable and required substantial parkway to generate executable software systems (Bender Satripi, 2013).FHIR supports both XML and JSON for data representation and sharing. According to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), XML is a set of rules, guidelines, and conventions for designing text formats for data, in a way that produces files that are easy to generate and read, that are unambiguous, and that avoid common pitfalls, such as lack of extensibility, and platform-dependency (XML in 10 points, 2017). In essence, XML is used when data is required to be share from one system to another. An example of XML code used for identification and definition of a medication is illustrated in Appendix A. Furthermore, for sim plification, Appendix B illustrates how text input Hello HINF 6355 would appear in XML. FHIR in general is suitable for many times of data and contexts including runny phone apps, cloud communications, EHR-based data sharing, and more (Introducing HL7 FHIR, 2017).While FHIR shows great promise to become a widely implemented standard, there are some criticisms of FHIR. Since FHIR creates a resource oriented environment, the implementation of its basic systems is relatively simple. However, constructing collections and interoperability relationships using base resources comes with very little guidance. The standards also use the base CRUD operations, but beyond that, there is little support for dynamic behavior (Bender Satripi, 2013). This may become a huge problem area to ensure interoperability, which is its primary task. Limitations aside, FHIR is gaining momentum and can become a widely implemented standard in coming years.Appendix AAppendix BReferencesBender, D., Sartipi, K. ( 2013, June). HL7 FHIR An Agile and RESTful approach to healthcare information exchange. In Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (pp. 326-331). IEEE.Introducing HL7 FHIR. (2017). HL7.org. Retrieved 13 January 2017, from https//www.hl7.org/fhir/summary.htmlWhat is Interoperability?. (2017). HIMSS. Retrieved 13 January 2017, from http//www.himss.org/library/interoperability-standards/what-is-interoperabilityXML in 10 points. (2017). W3.org. Retrieved 13 January 2017, from https//www.w3.org/XML/1999/XML-in-10-points-19990327

Funeral Homes Studies: Overcharging

Funeral Homes Studies OverchargingRunning head FUNERAL HOMESAbstractThe everyplacecharging of consumers by funeral dwelling houses was investigated to prove to consumers that they argon being snitchd, and to show them many ways to vitiate being rolld. The goal was to show precisely when the funeral homes atomic number 18 fetching benefit of the consumer, and to show that consumers contend to be aw be that funeral homes provoke more(prenominal) than unmatched way of taking prefer of them and overcharging them in large amounts. The effects of this severe problem were determined by looking over a fair play that has been cat into place to subdue the crime, ways the crime is committed, and also an interview that was conducted to gather information on unity of many alternatives to using the traditional funeral service. in that location are many alternatives to the traditional funeral nearly pot just dont know where to learn ab away them.Funeral Homes The Overcharging For Services and Distrust Behind ItIt is non easy to fall away a love one. In addition, it is not always easy for a person to find out how much it is dismission to cost them and their family to give their love one the proper sepulture they deserve. During the fourth dimension of grieve, the family of the deceased is not really concerned with the costs of the funeral, for all they are looking for is a proper burial or funeral ceremony for their loved one. The cost of a typical funeral in the United States in 1983 was well-nigh $2,500.00 (Darmstadter, 1983). Solomon (n.d.) countrys that the average funeral in the United States costs $6,500, correspond to the National Funeral Directors Association. The true sum tramp easily reach $10,000 once a burial plot, flowers and other costs are included, the AARP says. This price is from around 2004 consumers pick up to be aware that the prices are steadily rising, and that if they dont watch out for those funeral homes that try to get more money out of them, they could end up losing thousands more dollars than is occupyful to spend on a funeral service.The crime of funeral homes taking gain of consumers has been around for many years, and in 1984 The Funeral Rule was put into place in order to put a stop to it. On September 24, 1982, the FTC published a ruling kn knowledge in the Federal Register as the Funeral Rule (Schwartz, Jolson, Lee, 1986). Under the Rule, the FTC mandates that funeral homes furnish customers to buy only those things they choose (Mark, n.d.). umteen people do not realize that during these times of vulnerability, the funeral home they slang trusted the care of their loved one with, could be taking favour of them overcharging them for already expensive services. Funeral homes are overcharging consumers while they are grieving for the bolshie of a loved one.Funeral homes are overcharging consumers for their services. They are taking advantage of them while they are most vulnerable in an emotionally distraught state as they are preoccupied in grieving for the loss of a loved one, and when they are in a hurry to protrude a funeral for a sudden wipeout. Funeral homes have several ways of overcharging consumers, and deuce of the most magnanimous ways they do this is by teaming up with hospice care centers and by quoting the wrong prices if they lead even quotation them at all.DiscussionTaking advantage of vulnerability.The funeral homes of America take advantage of the bereaved when they are most vulnerable. peerless of the most common times that a funeral home volition take advantage of the bereaved is when they are in the middle of grieving, essay to set up a funeral while they are emotionally distraught. Schlozman and La Grand (1985) state that death in a family is a personal, emotional experience that can have long term emotional and physical consequences for survivors (cited in Butler, 2007, p. 95).Funeral directors look for the take up bump that they can get to get a grieving person to agree to buy something or to set up an expensive funeral while the bereaved are emotionally distraught, which is mostly in the beginning of the funeral planning process, is when this happens the most. Many funeral directors will say that funeral homes are not taking advantage of consumers when they are most vulnerable, they are simply taking the necessary steps to make sure that the consumer gets what they need and what they ask for so as to get the funeral done in the most jazz way possible. When a consumer is preoccupied in grieving for the loss of a loved one, they whitethorn be emotionally distraught and kind of out of their norm, however this does not mean that all funeral directors are low enough to take advantage of consumers. Most funeral directors deal with so many emotional people chance(a) they are at their workplace, that most of them know what it is like for a person to feel the way they do in that locationfore they will not go o ut of their way to take advantage of them for that little bit of extra money. As one can see, this is intelligibly not the case. Funeral homes overcharge consumers while they are grieving for the loss of a loved one at times when they are most vulnerable, and with pre-planning, this can be partly eliminated.The funeral homes of America also take advantage of the bereaved when they are in a hurry to get the funeral set up. There is not much time between when a person passes away, and the time the funeral needs to be set up and followed finished with. Most of the major decisions regarding funeral arrangements must be made within 24-48 hours (Sommer, Nelson, and Hoyt, 1985). Many people do not know that their loved one is going to pass on when they do, so they are in a frantic hurry to get the funeral set up and that is what gets them into such a bind with the funeral homes taking advantage of and overcharging them.One thing that a person who is in a hurry to set up a funeral typical ly does is calls funeral homes in their area asking for price quotes. When a person uses the phone to contact funeral homes virtually prices, they can compare prices among funeral providers, this may eventually jockstrap them to decide which funeral home and arrangement they would like to consider (USA Funeral Homes Online, 1999). Also, when a person is in a hurry to set up a funeral for a loved one, it is advised that they gather price lists from some of the funeral homes in their area to compare pricing and options (Wilke, 2005). Mark (n.d.) states that the funeral rule also requires that GPLs (General Price Lists) list the prices of up to 16 items if they are services that the funeral home offers. . . . If a person were to go around to funeral homes in their area, a general price list is a severe tool that the funeral homes are required to give them, so they know the prices, thus promoting smart decision making, and the possibility of retarding being overcharged and taken ad vantage of.It is often though that when a consumer has a sudden death in the family and they are in a hurry to plan a funeral, most funeral directors are not going out of their way to overcharge them to get that little bit of extra money. They may indeed be overcharging them however, they may simply be charging the prices they do because they exigency to be sure to get the consumer everything that they need since the process is so hurried in this type of situation. These thoughts are obviously not relevant because, as one can see, if the funeral directors were as caring as they make them seem, they would give any unused money back to the consumer when the funeral is all said and done. Shopping around for the best priced funeral home, and ignoring any suggestions given by hospice care centers, could be one of the most important ways for a consumer to greatly decrease the chance of being overcharged. Funeral homes overcharge consumers while they are grieving for the loss of a loved o ne, at times when they are in a hurry to plan a funeral for a sudden death, and with pre-planning and smart decision making, this can be partly eliminated.Teaming up with hospice care centers.Consumers need to be aware that funeral homes have different ways of overcharging them. One of the main ways this happens is when funeral homes go together with hospice care centers. The Hospice Patients Alliance (n.d.) states thatOne of the major scams committed by such rogue hospices is to refer the family to one contingent funeral home, if they havent made arrangements beforehand with another funeral home. The funeral home then charges their very highest rates for funeral home services and the family has no idea that they have been scammed, because they trust the compassionate hospice people. If individuals go to that funeral home directly inquiring about charges for funeral services, they get offered discounted rates, exclusively hospice referrals get charged the highest rates.When funera l homes team up with hospice care centers, they can overcharge consumers large amounts of money, and they can do it very discreetly. Many people would not suspect a hospice care center to refer them to a high priced funeral home this is why consumers need to be aware that this could happen. Consumers need to be aware that shopping around for a funeral home with the best prices is one of the best things they can do to prevent being overcharged, even if a hospice care center that their family trusts recommends a funeral home, or they are pressed with time and any other issue that may bed their way. The Hospice Patients Alliance (n.d.) states that you do not have to use the funeral home recommended by a hospice. They should not be recommending any funeral homes that is a decision for you to make, not the hospice. Many funeral directors will say that funeral homes may indeed be teaming up with hospice care centers in being sure that the funeral home will have a soaked flow of business on account of the recommendations given by the hospice care centers but this does not mean that they are doing it to overcharge the consumers. They may in accompaniment be doing this simply to help the family eliminate the hassle of finding a funeral home and going through the process of looking for price quotes, etc. This is clearly not the case as one can see, simply because if funeral directors were as caring as they seem, they would not be trying to get consumers away from looking for price quotes and things like that, they would help them find the funeral home they are looking for, or be sure to accommodate their needs as best they can. Also, if a funeral home has that much trouble getting business, something needs to be done, and that funeral home should probably be looked at as a fraud. Funeral homes overcharge consumers while they are grieving for the loss of a loved one. Many people do not realize that it may not only be the funeral home that is in on the scam hospice car e centers play a major role in this deception of the consumers also.Quoting the wrong prices.Another quite common way that funeral homes overcharge consumers is by quoting the wrong prices over the phone, or not quoting any at all. There are many people that are pressed for time when it bob ups downhearted to planning a funeral, and most of them resort to calling funeral homes to inquire about prices. What many people do not realize, is that the funeral homes may not be big them the right price quote, and many of them quickly find out that the funeral home may not give them a price quote at all. The contend that some funeral homes do not give any price quotes at all, would be so they could adjust the prices accordingly to each and every funeral they conduct.The funeral home is required to give you a free copy of the price list when you visit. Its also required to tell you its prices over the phone. If a funeral director refuses to do so, suggesting instead that you come in for a n appointment, That should be a warning sign, Slocum says (Block, 2006). Many consumers do not know this important piece of information. The laws that regulate the funeral homes of America are not post around the nation as are the everyday laws that the people of America are required to follow. This is why, when shopping around for a well priced funeral home consumers need to be aware of the laws so as to catch the hints that are thrown at them. The hints that should make them think that perhaps they should not trust some funeral homes that they have come in contact with. When a person that is frantically trying to set up a funeral calls a funeral home, they do not expect to be taken advantage of and overcharged because most Americans would agree that this is a very serious business, and that most every funeral home should be trustworthy. However, that is not the case. When consumers are calling funeral homes over the phone, they need to be aware of the potential dangers that it ent ails. Common thought of consumers is that when a consumer contacts a funeral home over the phone seeking quotes on prices for their services, the funeral directors may quote the wrong prices this does not mean that is what will be charged. Many funeral directors care enough to provide the consumers only with what they need or would like to have for the funeral, so the prices they quote may only be a ball-park figure for the general funeral service. When a funeral home does not quote a price at all, this may be to eliminate the problem of quoting the wrong prices, or even to eliminate competition between them and other funeral homes. Consumers may be frustrated by this, but in all reality this may be something that could help them because if they went with a funeral home that does not quote a price, they may actually end up spending less money than they would at a funeral home that quoted a price that was too high. The thoughts are clearly irrelevant because if funeral homes were quo ting ball-park figures, they would most likely state that the prices they are giving are ball park. Also, if a funeral home does not quote a price at all and others do, it is most obvious that they are planning on giving prices when the funeral is over with so as to inflate the prices and not be detected. Funeral homes overcharge consumers while they are grieving for the loss of a loved one. If consumers are aware of the potential dangers of calling funeral homes for price quotes, and the laws that are supposed to regulate them, this could greatly decrease the risk of being overcharged.Ways to avoid being overcharged. There are many things that can be done for a person to prevent being overcharged when they are working with a funeral home to set up a funeral. The most prominent of all alternatives is skilful body organ donation, which many people participate in. As Carol Wright (personal communication, February 29, 2008) described, full body organ donation is when a person chooses to donate their entire body to an organization of choice before they die. When they die, the organization will pick up their body from wherever they are, and ship them to where the body will be used. After the organization is done using the body for all intents and purposes, they cremate it and send the be to a family member for a $25.00 shipping fee. Another well-known alternative to being overcharged by a funeral is by using traditional organ donation. This will give the family time to plan the funeral as the hospital or some other form of medical personnel removes the organ(s) the deceased has agreed to donate aft(prenominal) death, thus slimming the possibility of being overcharged by the funeral home because it gives the family time to look around and find the best prices available to them.One good thing about organ donation is that there have been, for the families of people who donate while they are alive and after they have died, some financial and health care-related reim bursement incentives astray debated (Boulware, Troll, Wang, Powe, 2006). Many people dont realize that without these alternatives, nearly every person in the United States would be taken advantage of at some time or another by a funeral home.The Federal Trade Commission (2000) stated thatTo relieve their families of some of these decisions, an increasing number of people are planning their own funerals, designating their own funeral preferences, and sometimes even paying for them in advance. They see funeral planning as an extension of will and estate planning.If someone in a family dies, and there has been no planning for a funeral whatsoever, the family members that are to do the planning for the funeral are left(p) in a bind. If a person plans their own funeral, the surviving family is left with the precedent, information and moral support needed to get the type of service it wants (Bender, 1974). To eliminate funeral homes taking advantage of and overcharging the bereaved, as The Federal Trade Commissions and Bender state, a person should think about planning their own funeral so that it is set in stone, and the surviving family has much less of a chance of being pressured into nonmeaningful spending while they are most vulnerable. Funeral homes are overcharging consumers while they are grieving for the loss of a loved one.ReviewMajor issues.There have been two major issues discussed in this writing about how funeral homes overcharge consumers the first being that many funeral homes take advantage of consumers when they are most vulnerable. There were two times in which this happens quite often that were discussed here. The first is when consumers are tied up in grieving and pre-occupied with the whole funeral planning process, and getting things organized and followed through with. The second is when the consumer is pressed for time trying to plan a sudden funeral, and the funeral home takes this hurried process to their advantage.The second major issu e discussed is that consumers need to be aware that funeral homes have different ways of overcharging them. There were two of the most common ways discussed here the first being that funeral homes overcharge by teaming up with hospice care centers, and the second being that the funeral homes either quote the wrong prices over the phone, or in person, or they simply do not give prices at all, so as to inflate them accordingly with each and every funeral they conduct.Expenses. The most popular way for consumers to recognize the death of a loved one is to plan for a traditional funeral. Traditional funerals can be very costly, and often times not exactly what the consumer was looking for when it is all said and done. Most people would agree that the traditional funeral is the best way to go about putting a loved one to rest however, when funeral homes are overcharging for these services that are already overpriced, it is hard for some consumers to follow through with it because of the fear of running out of money before it is all done with. Darmstadter (1983) stated that the purchase of a funeral is the ternary largest single expenditure after a home and a car, that many of us will ever have to make.Alternatives to the traditional funeral service.There are many alternatives to the traditional funeral service, and the most prominent one of those is organ donation. serious body organ donation and traditional organ donation were discussed earlier in the writing. Full body organ donation is when a person has agreed to donate their body to science after thy have passed on. Traditional organ donation is when a person agrees to allow any of their organs that are useable, to be donated to another human being after they have passed on. These are two of the most prominent ways for consumers to avoid being overcharged by funeral homes and they are used most commonly by people who did not do any pre-planning for their funeral. What many consumers do not realize is that the se options are readily available to anyone who would like to take advantage of them they are just not advertised since death is such a sheltered topic in the United States.Funeral homes are overcharging consumers while they are grieving for the loss of a loved one. When a consumer is looking around trying to plan a funeral, one of the best ways to avoid being taken advantage of is to be aware of what is happening, and how funeral homes are actually taking advantage of consumers, and what they can do to avoid being take advantage of. A solution to the problem of funeral homes taking advantage of consumers would be for the consumer to shop around for funeral prices and arrangements in advance when anticipating a funeral. Sure, not every person will have time to do this since not all deaths are anticipated however, this problem will be greatly eliminated if those consumers who are anticipating the death do in fact plan the funeral ahead of time, so as to have the time to go around and shop for the best prices and have the funeral set up the way in which they so desire. Planning a funeral is can be an overwhelming time for the consumer however, following the simple suggestions that have been given throughout this writing may in fact make the job a lot easier. People need to be aware that in times like these where life just seems like it is not worth living, life will go on. As long as consumers are aware of what is happening out there in the funeral service industry, and they plan for things ahead if possible, problems like these may be wholly eliminated all together.

Hamlets Procrastination :: William Shakespeare Hamlet

To be or not to be, is hamlets most famous quotation. Hamlet is the protagonist of Shakespeares. His father, pouf Hamlet, cancel outed by his own brother, Claudius, then Claudius marries king Hamlets wife, Gertrude, and won the kingship. Prince Hamlet who suffers from Oedipal Complex, felling in love with his own mother and considering father as a rival to his love, cant impart his mind whether to kill his uncle and take his fathers revenge or not. And ask this question from himself, because in one hand he knows that if he kill Claudius, his companions will kill him, in other hand his fathers ghost appears to him and ask him to kill Claudius. He was in a dilemma. Hamlets tragic flaw is his procrastination, Hamlet procrastinated only because of his fear of conversance with his mother, he knows that Claudius was the only person separating him and Gertrude. Now this question would come to our mind that why does Shakespeare give so much prominence to the hold without clearly present ing the flat coat for it? James k. Lowers in his Tragic Heroes argues that Shakespeares tragedy is a work of surpassing interest and genius, and the tragic hero is universally attractive and fascinating (12). We must move on two things in mind. First, Shakespeare makes it clear that Hamlet is acutely aware of a delay. Second, Shakespeare also makes it clear that Hamlet himself is not sure why he delays. At the end of the eighteenth century, Goethe in Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship proposed that Shakespeare means, in Hamlet, to represent the effects of a great action laid upon a soul unfit for the performance of it(152). Hamlet is not sure about ghost?s says, he wants to reveal the fact, and prove his fathers innocence, because his ghost said to him that Claudius kill him to gain king ship and his queen. From the unearthly point of view we can consider him as a religious man, we can disgust that he put off fetching revenge, because in Christianity taking revenge is forbidden. He put off killing his uncle 3times as Jesus was put off 3times for crucifixion. At the beginning of the twentieth century, A. C. Bradley proposed another reason for the delay in his Shakespearean Tragedy Bradley argued that ?Hamlets delay is the result of a melancholic state of mind, brought on by the death of his father and the hasty remarriage of his mother.